تحولات حق بر سلامت در پرتو ابعاد حقوق بشری بحرانهای ناشی از بیماریهای واگیردار با تأکید بر کووید 19
مجله تاریخ پزشکی - علمی پژوهشی,
دوره 12 شماره 44 (1399),
10 November 2020
,
صفحه 1-21
https://doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v12i44.30658
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: حق بر سلامت به عنوان یکی از مصادیق حقوق بنیادین بشر از ابتدای شناسایی آن در ادبیات حقوق بشر بینالمللی تا به امروز دچار تحولات مختلفی شده است. مقیاس و شدت برخی بیماریهای واگیردار مانند کووید 19 به وضوح یک تهدید علیه سلامت عمومی است که میتواند مبنایی برای اعمال محدودیت و تعلیق برخی از حقوق مردم مانند برقراری قرنطینه و محدودیت حق بر آزادی تردد، ایجاد کند. توجه دقیق به هنجارهای حقوق بشر به ویژه عدم تبعیض و اصول مبنایی حقوق بشر مانند اصل شفافیت و احترام به کرامت انسانی میتواند ابعاد بحران ناشی از شیوع بیماری کووید 19 را به میزان قابل توجهی محدود کند و این امکان را برای دولتها فراهم میکند که فضایی را برای واکنش مناسب پیدا کنند.
مواد و روشها: در پژوهش حاضر که با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با ابزار کتابخانهای گردآوری شده است، ابتدا به روند ظهور حق بر سلامت در قامت یک اصل کلی و مستقل پرداخته خواهد شد. سپس روند تحولات اصل مزبور و چگونگی تولد تعهدات خاص و جزئی راجع به حق بر سلامت از بطن آن مورد توجه قرار خواهد گرفت. در نهایت با توجه به گستردگی ابعاد مختلف حق بر سلامت، جنبههای مختلف بحرانهای ناشی از گسترش بیماریهای واگیردار و هنجارهای قابل اعمال بر آن مورد بحث و بررسی قرار خواهد گرفت.
یافتهها: در پژوهش حاضر مشاهده خواهد شد که در طول زمان و با توجه به ورود متغیرهای مختلف به فضای روابط میان تابعان حقوق، پیچیدگیهای فراوانی بر روابط مزبور حاکم شده است. این پیچیدگیها منتهی به ایجاد روابط گسترده میان مفاهیم و هنجارهای حقوقی شده است.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: در تمام مراحل نگارش پژوهش حاضر، ضمن رعایت اصالت متون، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت شده است.
نتیجهگیری: حق بر سلامت نیز در طول زمان نهتنها از حیث مصادیق آن، بلکه از حیث رابطه آن با سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر نیز دچار توسعه و تحول شده است. به تعبیری به مانند گذشته نمیتوانیم هنجارها و مصادیق حقوق بشر مانند حق بر سلامت را به صورت مستقل و انفرادی مد نظر قرار دهیم. به بیان سادهتر نقض مصادیق مختلف حق بر سلامت به صورت مستقیم منتهی به نقض سایر مصادیق حقوق بشر (اعم از حقوق مدنی، سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و...) نیز خواهد شد.
- حقوق بشر؛ حق بر سلامت؛ بیماریهای واگیردار؛ کووید 19
ارجاع به مقاله
مراجع
WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed 8 April 2020.
WHO. Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Accessed March 11, 2020.
Ssenyonjo M. International Human Rights Law: Six Decades after the UDHR and Beyond. London: Routledge; 2016. p.184-185.
Moodley K, Hardie K, Selgelid M, Waldman R, Strebel P, Rees H, Durrheim D. Ethical Considerations for Vaccination Programmes in Acute Humanitarian Crises. In: Teays W, Renteln A. Global Bioethics and Human Rights: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Rowman and Littlefield; 2020. p.321-335.
Schutter O. International Human Rights Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p.620.
Webber G, Yowell P, Ekins R. Legislated Rights: Securing Human Rights through Legislation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. p.198.
Ziccardi G. Resistance, Liberation Technology and Human Rights in the Digital Age. London: Springer; 2012. p.139.
Ruhs M. The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2015. p.197.
Gowers A, Tingle J, Lewis T. Healthcare Law: Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998. London: Routledge; 2013. p.78.
Thompson B, Gordon M. Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. p.483.
Rastegari B. Violation of fundamental liberties in counter-terrorism measures: A Human Rights Approach. Washington: Lulu; 2014. p.41.
Kluge H. Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread. 2020. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/ en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid -19/statements/statement-older-people-are-at-highest-ri sk-from-covid-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-commu nity-spread. Accessed April 9, 2020.
Steenhuysen J. As pressure for coronavirus vaccine mounts, scientists debate risks of accelerated testing. 2020. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccines-insight/as-pressure-for-cor onavirus-vaccine-mounts-scientists-debate-risks-of-acc elerated-testing-idUSKBN20Y1GZ. Accessed April 20, 2020.
WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed April 20, 2020.
Ramcharan R, Ramcharan B. Asia and the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. London: Springer; 2018. p.28-29.
Sajó A. Human Rights with Modesty: The Problem of Universalism. London: Springer; 2014. p.103-104.
Smith R. International Human Rights Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018. p.45-46.
Stark B. Rhetoric, religion and human rights: 'Save the children!'. In: Fineman M, Worthington K. What Is Right for Children? The Competing Paradigms of Religion and Human Rights. New York: Routledge; 2016. p.47-48.
Saul B, Kinley D, Mowbray J. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. p.1060-1061.
Albuquerque A. The Brazilian Human Rights Indicators System: The Case of the Right to Health. In: Toebes B, Ferguson R, Markovic M, Nnamuchi O. The Right to Health: A Multi-Country Study of Law, Policy and Practice. London: Springer; 2015. p.261-262.
Gostin L. Global Health Law. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; 2015. p.251-252.
Chan P. China, State Sovereignty and International Legal Order. Boston: Brill; 2015. p.137-138.
Sekalala S. Soft Law and Global Health Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018. p.104-105.
Cotter A. This Ability: An International Legal Analysis of Disability Discrimination. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing; 2013. p.51-52.
Naomi R. Reparations and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In: Sharp D. Justice and Economic Violence in Transition. London: Springer; 2014. p.112-113.
Chapman A. Human Rights, Global Health and Neoliberal Policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017. p.153-160.
Kemm J. Health Promotion: Ideology, Discipline and Specialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016. p.111.
Erika G. The story of environmental justice and race in the United States: international human rights and equal environmental protection. In: Sarat A. Human Rights and Legal Judgments: The American Story. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017. p.67-68.
Estévez A. Human Rights in the Criminalization of Migration and the Marginalization Resulting from Social Discrimination. In: Estévez A. Human Rights, Migration, and Social Conflict: Towards a Decolonized Global Justice. London: Springers; 2013. p.70-71.
Freeman M, Rudolf B, Chinkin C, Kroworsch S, Sherrier A. The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p.296-300.
Durojaye E. Litigating the Right to Health in Africa: Challenges and Prospects. London: Routledge; 2016. p.20-21.
Cabrera A, Ayala A. Advancing the Right to Health through Litigation. In: Zuniga J, Marks S, Gostin L. Advancing the Human Right to Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. p.26-27.
Tobin J. The Right to Health. In: Tobin J. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. p.902-910.
Ferraz O. what course without evils? Rare diseases, children's right to health and sustainable development goals. In: Glynn C. Children's Rights and Sustainable Development: Interpreting the UNCRC for Future Generations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p.78-82.
Tobin J. Children’s Right to Health. In: Kilkelly U, Liefaard T. International Human Rights of Children. London: Springer; 2019. p.277-298.
Perez O. Fuzzy law: A theory of quasi-legality. In: Glenn H. Law and the New Logics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017. p.236-272.
Klabbers J, Palombella G. The Challenge of Inter-legality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p.2-3.
Klabbers J. The Concept of Treaty in International Law. London: Kluwer; 1998. p.157.
Gruchalla-Wesiersk T. A Framework for Understanding Soft Law. McGill Law Journal 1984; 30: 37-88.
Dupuy J. Declaratory Law and Programmatory Law: From Revolutionary Custom to Soft Law. In: Akkerman R. Declarations of Principles: A Quest for Universal Peace. London: Sithoff; 1977. p.252.
Klabbers J. The Redundancy of Soft Law. Nordic Journal of International Law 1996; 65(32): 173-180.
Birger JS, Olav S, Jorgen W. Soft Law, Hard Law and Effective Implementation of International Environmental Norms. Global Environmental Politics 2006; 6(3): 100-104.
Morth U. Soft Law in Governance and Regulation. London: Edward Elgar Publication; 2004. p.6.
Shelton D. Soft Law. The George Washington University Law School. Public and Legal Theory Work Paper 2008; 322(11): 3-12.
Thürer D. The Role of Soft Law in the Actual Process of European Integration. In: Guillarmod O, Pescatore P. L’avenir du libre-échange en Europe: Vers un Espace économique européen. Zürich: Schultess Polygraphischer Verlag; 1990. p.132.
Senden L. Soft Law in European Community Law. London: Hart publishing; 2004. p.112-113.
Damrosch L. International Law. Cases and Materials. Washington: West Academic; 2014. p.142-158.
Antonio C. International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. p.160-161.
Munch F. Non-binding Agreement. In: Bernhardt R. Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Munich: Max-Planck institution; 1991. p.354-355.
Blutman L. In The Trap of a Legal Metaphor: International Soft Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 2010; 59(3): 607-608.
Alston P. Out of the Abyss: The Challenges Confronting the New U.N. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Human Rights Quarterly 1987; 9(1): 332-348.
Riedel E. New Bearings to the State Reporting Procedure: Practical Ways to Operationalize ESC- Rights - the Example of the Right to Health. In: Schorlemer S. Praxishandbuch UNO. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p.346.
Pinto M, Sigal M. Influence of the ICESCR in the Americas. In: Moeckli D, Keller H. The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present and Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018. p.172.
Dresler C. Human Rights-Based Approach to Tobacco Control. In: Grodin M. Health and Human Rights in a Changing World. London: Routledge; 2013. p.472.
Riedel E, Giacca G, Golay C. The Development of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law. In: Riedel E, Giacca G, Golay C. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law: Contemporary Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. p.18-22.
Tobin J. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. p.120.
Meier B, Cronk R, Luh J, Bartram J, Albuquerque C. Monitoring the Progressive Realization of the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: Frontier Analysis as a Basis to Enhance Human Rights Accountability. In: Conca K, Weinthal E. The Oxford Handbook of Water Politics and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. p.103.
Buhmann K. Changing Sustainability Norms through Communication Processes: The Emergence of the Business and Human Rights Regime as Transnational Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2018. p.70-73.
Benatar S, Gill S, Bakker I. Global Health and the Global Economic Crisis. In: Grodin M, Tarantola D, Annas G, Gruskin S. Health and Human Rights in a Changing World. New York: Routledge; 2014. p.472, 475-478.
Chen I. Government Internet Censorship Measures and International Law. Deutsche: Deutsche National Bibliotheca; 2020. p.96.
Sendall M. Political determinants of public health. In: Liamputtong P. Public Health: Local and Global Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p.163.
Chapman A. Core Obligations: Building a Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Oxford: Intersentia; 2002. p.200.
Cherry B, Jacob S. Contemporary Nursing E-Book: Issues, Trends & Management. St.Louis: Elsevier; 2019. p.285.
Avani S. Legal standards on freedom of expression: Toolkit for the judiciary in Africa. Geneva: UNESCO; 2018. p.21-30.
Bristow N. American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016. p.92.
Tam J, Sellwood C. Pandemic Influenza. Oxford: CABI; 2013. p.195.
Tucak I. Hohfeld's Analytical Scheme and Constitutional Economic and Social Rights. In: Novak M, Strahovnik V. Modern Legal Interpretation: Legalism or Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2018. p.187.
Abbott E, Luk J. Legislative Authorities and Regulatory Issues. In: Koenig K, Schultz C. Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. p.190.
Grover S. Judicial Activism and the Democratic Rule of Law: Selected Case Studies. London: Springer; 2020. p.126.
Amon J, Wurth M. A Virtual Roundtable on COVID-19 and Human Rights with Human Rights Watch Researchers. Health and Human Rights Journal 2020; 1(1): 6-8.
Kittichaisaree K. International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2020. p.143.
Bloom D, Cadarette D. Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. In: Leite L, Tagliabue A, Rappuoli R, Leroy O. A Global Perspective on Vaccines: Priorities, Challenges and Online Information. Butantan: Frontiers eBook; 2020. p.132.
Bozorgmehr K, Roberts B, Razum O, Biddle L. Health Policy and Systems Responses to Forced Migration. London: Springer; 2020. p.3-4.
Manjapra K. Colonialism in Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2020. p.210-214.
Libal K, Harding S. Human Rights-Based Community Practice in the United States. London: Springer; 2016.p.23.
WHO. Water sanitation hygiene. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/news-events/wash-and-covid-19/en. Accessed May 25, 2020.
Barkan S. Health, Illness and Society: An Introduction to Medical Sociology. Washington: Rowman & Littlefield; 2020. p.295-296.
Calderon C, Kambou G, Djiofack C, Korman V, Kubota M, Canales C. Africa's Pulse, An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africas Economic Future. Washington: World Bank Group; 2020. p.13-14.
UNESCO. UNESCO’s support: Educational response to COVID-19. 2020. Available at: https://www.en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/support. Accessed 25 May 2020.
Kippenberg J. A Question of Life or Death: Treatment Access for Children Living with HIV in Kenya. New York: Human Right Watch; 2008. p.24.
ADL. Reports of Anti-Asian Assaults, Harassment and Hate Crimes Rise as Coronavirus Spreads. 2020. Available at: https://www.adl.org/blog/reports-of-anti-asian-assaults-harassment-and-hate-crimes-rise-as-coro navirus-spreads. Accessed May 25, 2020.
Blumen H, Cavallari P, Mourey F, Yiou E. Adaptive Gait and Postural Control: From Physiological to Pathological Mechanisms, Towards Prevention and Rehabilitation. Washington: Frontiers eBook; 2020. p.189.
Hess D, MacIntyre N, Galvin W. Respiratory Care: Principles and Practice. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2020. p.1453.
Brechenmacher S, Carothers T, Youngs R. Civil Society and the Coronavirus: Dynamism despite Disruption. 2020. Available at: https://www.carnegiee ndowment.org/2020/04/21/civil-society-and-coronavir us-dynamism-despite-disruption-pub-81592. Accessed May 25, 2020.
Beyranvand F. The Procedure of National Courts in Confronting with International Soft Law with Emphasis on International Humanitarian Law. Ph.D. Dissertation. Tehran: Islamic Azad University; 2020. p.335. [Persian]
Guterres A. Launch of Global Humanitarian Response Plan for COVID-19. 2020. Available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/ 2020-03-25/launch-of-global-humanitarian-response-plan-for-covid-19. Accessed May 25, 2020.
World B. The Economy in the Time of Covid-19. Washington: The World Bank Press; 2020. p.27-36.
World B. South Asia Economic Focus: The Cursed Blessing of Public Banks. Washington: The World Bank Press; 2020. p.27-30.
Kaleab B. COVID-19 prevention measures in Ethiopia: Current realities and prospects. Addis Ababa: IFPRI; 2020. p.2-9.
- چکیده مشاهده شده: 191 بار
- pdf دانلود شده: 101 بار