Jurisprudential study of Coma and Unconsciousness in Ihram and Tawaf Hajj
Medical Figh,
Vol. 12 No. 42 (1399),
23 October 2020
,
Page 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/mfj.v12i42.32672
Abstract
Background and Aim: In the view of Islam, Hajj is so important that it is considered superior to any worship after prayer, and this importance has caused it to be included in the branches of Islam. On the other hand, some people experience coma, fainting and temporary unconsciousness during Hajj, Tamattu or Umrah, after entering the land of revelation and during rituals, due to old age, illness, air temperature, crowds, etc and they are unable to continue this worship. Worship that may be considered invalid due to the general circumstances of the task and its absence in the state of unconsciousness. The present study was formed after examining the verdict of people with coma and unconsciousness while performing Ihram and Tawaf rituals.
Materials and Methods: This research has been done using the narrations and words of Shiite jurists in library documents and scientific software and has analyzed the proposed solutions by descriptive-analytical method of texts and documents. Moreover, due to the extent of the rituals, this article deals only with Ihram and Tawaf.
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the ruling on unconsciousness and coma during Ihram and Tawaf varies depending on the type of ritual. In the case of Ihram, with the collection of narrations indicating the permission of delaying Ihram and the permission of taking the deputy, the ruling of recommending prohibition or delaying Ihram until recovery is preferred and in the case of Tawaf, whether on the basis of discretion or on the basis of disregard in the event of a conflict of arguments, the discretion between taking the deputy and continuing the Tawaf is preferred.
- Coma, Unconsciousness, Ihram, Tawaf,
How to Cite
References
Kulayni MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 253 Hadith. 7. [In Arabic]
Tayyeb Isfahani SA. Atyab al-bayan fi tafsir al-Quran. Tehran: Nashr Islam; (1387). 6: 296. [In Arabic]
Q. 22: 32. [In Arabic]
Horre Ameli M. Wasael al-shia ila neyl al-Fazilah. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1409). 11: 7 Hadith.14107-Vol.14: 295 Hadith. 19229. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya. Tehran: Maktabata al-Razaviya; (1387). 1: 314. [In Arabic]
Ibn-e Ebad S. Almohit fi al-loghat. Beirut: Alam al-Kitab; (1414). 3: 93. [In Arabic]
Naraqi A. Mostanad al-Shia fi Ahkam al-Sharia. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1415). 11: 256. [In Arabic]
Tabatabai Hakim SM. Mostamsak al-Orvat al-osgha. Qom: Dar al-Tafsir Institute; (1416). 11: 359. [In Arabic]
Farahidi Kh. Kitab al-Ein. Qom: Hijrat; (1410). 7: 458. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya. Tehran: Maktabata al-Razaviya; (1387). 1: 383. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Nihayat Fi Mojarad al-Figh va al-Fatwa. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Arabi; (1400). 271. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvah al-Vosgha. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 540. [In Arabic]
Dayerat al-Maarif Figh Islami Institute. Farhang Figh Motabegh Mazhab Ahlebeyt. Qom: Dayerat al-Maarif Figh Islami Institute; (1426). 3: 226. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvat al-Vosqa. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 540. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Jomal va al-oghood Fi al-Ibadat. Mashhad: Publisher Institute Of Ferdowsi University; (1387). 130. [In Arabic]
Fazel Lankarani M. al-Orvat al-osgha Ma Talighat al-Fazil. Qom: Fighhi Aeimma al-Athar Institute; (n.d). 2: 425. [In Arabic]
Najafi MH. Javahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara`e al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; (1404). 19: 269. [In Arabic]
Najafi MH. Javahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara`e al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; (1404). 19: 295. [In Arabic]
Ibn-e Ebad S. Almohit fi al-loghat. Beirut: Alam al-Kitab; (1414). 5: 145. [In Arabic]
Ibn-e Fares A. Mo’jam maqayis al-loghat. Qom: Daftar Tabliqat Islami; (1404). 4: 392. [In Arabic]
Hemyari N. Shams al-Olum va Dava Kalam al-Arab Min al-Kolum. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-Moasir; (1420). 8: 5011. [In Arabic]
Sa’di A. al-Qamous al-Fighhi Loghatan va Istilahan. Damascus: Dar al-Fikr; (1407). 277. [In Arabic]
Abd al-Rahman M. Mojam al-Mostalahat va al-Alfaz al-Fiqhiya. n.p: n.pn; (n.d). Vol.1: 242 & 323. [In Arabic]
Sa’di A. al-Qamous al-Fighhi Loghatan va Istilahan. Damascus: Dar al-Fikr; (1407). 227. [In Arabic]
Azhary N. What is going on in brain deaths and coma? Jamagh Newspaper (2011). 191: 25. [In English]
Sargazipoor M. Keykha MR. Abin AR. Investigating the status of Individuals suffering from an out of Control Coma Interdiction in Imamieh Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Feghh Journal, 2019-2020; 11(40-41): 26. [In English]
https: //www.glasgowcomascale.org/faq/#faq-2. [In English]
Fischer M. Rüegg S. Czaplinski A. Strohmeier M. Lehmann A. Tschan F. Hunziker PR. Marsch SC. Inter-rater reliability of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. Critical Care. (2010); 14 (2): R64. doi: 10.1186/cc8963. PMC 2887186. PMID 20398274. [In English]
Wijdicks EF. Bamlet WR. Maramattom BV. Manno EM. McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: The FOUR score. Annals of Neurology. (2005); 58 (4): 585–93. doi: 10.1002/ana.20611. PMID 16178024. [In English]
Seraji M. The nature of brain death from the viewpoint of the Qur'an and narration. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences; (2010). 13(22): 29. [In English]
Moheb al-Rahman MM. Qazizade MK. Ability of bowing and its effect on disabled people prayer. Feghh Journal, (2015-2016). 7 (24-25): 158. [In Persian]
Ommani H. Hayat Ibn-e Abi Aghil va fighhi. Qom: Mojam al-fighhi Institute; (1413). 355. [In Arabic]
Hilli H. Tazkerat al-Foqaha. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1414). 7: 41. [In Arabic]
Najafi MH. Javahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara`e al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; (1404). 18: 128. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvat al-Vosgha. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 561. [In Arabic]
Mohaghegh Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 463. [In Arabic]
Madani al-Kashani R. Barahin al-Hajj li al-Foqaha va al-Hojaj. Kashan: Ayat al-allah Kashani School; (1411). 2: 338. [In Arabic]
Mohaqeq Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 422. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiya. Tehran: Maktabata al-Razaviya; (1387). 1: 382.
Hilli H. Mokhtalaf al-Shiah fi Ahkam al-Shariah. Qom: Al-Nashr Al-Eslami institute; (1413). 4: 45. [In Arabic]
Hilli H. Tazkerat ai-Foghaha. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1414). 7: 203. [In Arabic]
Fazel Lankarani M. al-Orvat al-osgha Ma Talighat al-Fazil. Qom: Fighhi Aeimma al-Athar Institute; (n.d). 2: 403. [In Arabic]
Makarem Shirazi N. Manasik Jame hajj. Qom: al-Imam Ali ibn-e Abi-talib School; (1426). 121. [In Persian]
Mohaqeq Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 463. [In Arabic]
Ardabili A. Majma` al-Faida va al-Borhan fi Sharhe irshad al-Azhan. Qom: Al-Nashr Al-Eslami Institute; (1403). 6: 190. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvah al-Vosgha. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 561. [In Arabic]
Ardabili A. Majma` al-Faida va al-Borhan fi Sharhe irshad al-Azhan. Qom: Al-Nashr Al-Eslami Institute; (1403). 6: 190. [In Arabic]
Najafi MH. Javahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara`e al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; (1404). 18: 128. [In Arabic]
Kulayni MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 325. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvat al-Vosgha. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 561. [In Arabic]
Mohaqeq Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 272. [In Arabic]
Horre Ameli M. Wasael al-shia ila neyl al-Fazilah. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1409). 13: 390 Hadith. 4. [In Arabic]
Madani al-Kashani R. Barahin al-Hajj li al-Foghaha va al-Hojaj. Kashan: Ayat al-allah Kashani School; (1411). 2: 338. [In Arabic]
Fazel Lankarani M. Tafsil al-Sharia’t fi Sharh Tahrir al-Vasilat. Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat Islami; (1403). 3: 118. [In Arabic]
Sistani SA. Manasek Hajj. Qom: Daftar-e Ayatolla Sistani; (n.d). 126. [In Persuan]
Sobhani J. al-Hajj fi al-Shariat al-Islamiya al-Qara’. Qom: Imam Sadigh Institute; (1422). 4: 754. [In Arabic]
Sabzevari SA. Mohazab al-Ahkam Fi Bayan al-Halal va al-Haram. Qom: Ayatollah Sabzevari institute; (1413). 13: 53. [In Arabic]
Sobhani J. al-Hajj fi al-Shariat al-Islamiya al-Qara’. Qom: Imam Sadigh Institute; (1422). 2: 754. [In Arabic]
Kulainy MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 323. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaee Yazdi MK. Al-Orvah al-Vosgha. Beirut: Al-Alami Institute; (1409). 2: 568. [In Arabic]
Mohaqeq Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 463. [In Arabic]
Madani al-Kashani R. Barahin al-Hajj li al-Foghaha va al-Hojaj. Kashan: Ayat al-allah Kashani School; (1411). 2: 338. [In Arabic]
Hilli J. Al-Motabar fi Sharhe al-Mokhtasar. Qom: Sayyed al-Shohada Institute; (1407). 2: 809. [In Arabic]
Amoli MT. Misbah al-Hoda Fi Sharh al-urvat al-Vothgha. Tehran: Moalef; (1380). 12: 429. [In Arabic]
Hilli J. Al-Mokhtasar al-Nafe Fi Figh al-Imamiya. Qom: al-Matbooat al-Diniya Institute; (1418). 1: 94. [In Arabic]
Fazel Abi H. Kashf al-Romouz Fi Sharh Mokhtasar al-Nafe. Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat Islami; (1417). 1: 376. [In Arabic]
Najafi MH. Javahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara`e al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; (1404). 18: 136 & 439. [In Arabic]
Mousavi Golpaygani SMR. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Dar al-Quran al-Karim; (1403). 2: 373. [In Arabic]
Ebn-e Said Hilli Y. Al-Jame Le al-Sharaye. Qom: Sayed al-Shohada al-Ilmiya Institute; (1405). 200. [In Arabic]
Hilli J. Sharaye al-Islam fi Masael al-Halal va al-Haram. Qom: Ismailian Institute; (1408). 1: 208. [In Arabic]
Sabzevari MB. Zakhirat al-Ma`ad fi Sharh al-Irshad. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1247). 2: 568. [In Arabic]
Sistani SA. Manasek Hajj. Qom: Daftar-e Ayatolla Sistani; (n.d). 243. [In Persian]
Toosi M. Tahzib al-Ahkam. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob Al-Eslami; (1407). 5: 123. [In Arabic]
Hilli H. Tazkerat al-Foghaha. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1414). 7: 160. [In Arabic]
Ha’eri Tabatabayee SA. Riaz al-Masael. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1418). 6: 86.
Fazel Lankarani M. Tafsil al-Sharia’t fi Sharh Tahrir al-Vasilat. Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat Islami; (1403). 4: 303. [In Arabic]
Makarem Shirazi N. Taqrirat Khareje Figh [91/7/1]: [In Persian] http: //www.eshia.ir/feqh/archive/ text/makarem/feqh/91/910701.
Toosi M. Tahzib al-Ahkam. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob Al-Eslami; (1407). 5: 123. [In Arabic]
Kulayni MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 422. [In Arabic]
Najashi A. Rijal al-Najashi. Qom: Daftar-e Entesharat Islami; (1407). 3: 216. [In Arabic]
Hilli H. Kholasa al-Aghval fi Marefat Ahval al-Rijal. Al-Najaf: al-Matbaa al-Heydariya; (1381). 237. [In Arabic]
Kulayni MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 422. [In Arabic]
Saduq M. Man la Yahduruhu al-Faqih. Qom: Al-Nashr al-Eslami Institute; (1413). 2: 403. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Al-Estebsar Fima Ekhtalaf Min al-Akhbar. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (n.d). 2: 225. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Tahzib al-Ahkam. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob Al-Eslami; (1407). 5: 123. [In Arabic]
Hoseyni Shahrudi SM. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Ansarian institute; (1402). 4: 378. [In Arabic]
Zamakhshari M. al-Faegh fi Gharib al-Hadith. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiya; (1417). 1: 38. [In Arabic]
Mohaqeq Damad M. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Mehr; (1401). 1: 178. [In Arabic]
Shoushtari MA. Al-Naja Fi Sharh al-Lome. Tehran: Sadough; (1406). 5: 55. [In Arabic]
Hoseyni Shahrudi SM. Kitab al-Hajj. Qom: Ansarian institute; (1402). 4: 379. [In Arabic]
Sobhani J. al-Hajj fi al-Shariat al-Islamiya al-Qara’. Qom: Imam Sadigh Institute; (1422). 4: 29. [In Arabic]
Kulayni MBY. Al-Kafi. 4th ed.Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiya; (1407). 4: 422. [In Arabic]
Toosi M. Tahzib al-Ahkam. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob Al-Eslami; (1407). 5: 398. [In Arabic]
Ibn-e Hisham al-Ansari. Moqni al-Labib An Kotob al-Aarib. Qom: Library of Marashi Najafi; (1410). 1: 63. [In Arabic]
Safa’ei Gh. Tarjome va Sharh Moghni al-labib. Qom: Ghods; (1387). 1: 290. [In Persian]
Naraqi A. Mostanad al-Shia fi Ahkam al-Sharia. Qom: Alolbeyt Institute; (1415). 12: 133. [In Arabic]
Mousavai al-khansari SA. Jami al-Madarik fi Sharh-e Mokhtasar al-Nafi. Qom: Ismiailian institute; (1405). 2: 313. [In Arabic]
Rouhani SM. al-Mortagha ila al-Figh al-Argha. Tehran: Aljalil Institute li al-Tahghighat al-Thighafiya (Dar al-Jali); (1419) 1: 322. [In Arabic]
Sobhani J. al-Hajj fi al-Shariat al-Islamiya al-Qara’. Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute; (1422). 4: 29. [In Arabic]
- Abstract Viewed: 324 times
- pdf (فارسی) Downloaded: 70 times