Antibacterial Effects of Ascophyllum Nodosum and Punica Granatum Extracts on Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Acidophilus Effects of extracts on oral bacteria
Journal of Dental School,
Vol. 43 No. 2 (2025),
30 April 2025
,
Page 70-77
https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v43i2.46679
Abstract
Objective(s): This research investigated the influence of Ascophyllum nodosum (A. nodosum) and Punica granatum (P. granatum) extracts on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Methods: In this laboratory-based study, the antibacterial effects of aqueous-acidic, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of A. nodosum, along with the hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum were analyzed against S. mutans and L. acidophilus using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined through broth microdilution and macrodilution techniques. As a positive control, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) was utilized, and all experiments were performed in triplicate. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, the Bonferroni test, and Kruskal-Wallis at p<0.05. Results: CHX exhibited the highest inhibitory and bactericidal effects on both bacterial strains. While both extracts showed antibacterial potential against both organisms, their efficacy was significantly lower than that of CHX (P<0.05). The following CHX, aqueous acidic extract of A. nodosum and the hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum demonstrated superior MIC and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans. For L. acidophilus, the hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum showed the best results.
Conclusion: The results indicated that extracts from A. nodosum and P. granatum possess considerable antibacterial properties against S. mutans and L. acidophilus.
- Punica Granatum
- Ascophyllum Nodosum
- Streptococcus Mutans
- Lactobacillus Acidophilus
How to Cite
References
Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. JPeriodontol.(1930).1965;36:17787.doi:10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177
Addy M. Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials: a short review. J Clin Periodontol. 1986; 13(10):957-64. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1986.tb01434.x
Addy M, Moran JM. Clinical indications for the use of chemical adjuncts to plaque control: chlorhexidine formulations. Periodontol. 2000; 15:52-4. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00104.x
Löe H, Rindom Schiott CR. The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man. J Periodontal Res. 1970;5(2):79-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1970.tb00696.x
Michael G, Perry R, Satheesh E, Kapila Y, Fermin A, Carranza DR, et al. Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology and Implantology 14th Edition 2019;13:p:229-45.
Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F. Primary preventive dentistry, 8th edition, Pearson, Boston 2014; 3: p35-50.
Simark‐Mattsson C, Emilson CG, Håkansson EG, Jacobsson C, Roos K, Holm S. Lactobacillus‐mediated interference of mutans streptococci in caries‐free vs. caries‐active subjects. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115(4):308-14. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00458.x
Brecx M, Macdonald LL, Legary K, Cheang M, Forgay MG. Long-term effects of Meridol and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis, staining, and bacterial vitality. J Dent Res. 1993;72(8):1194-7. doi: 10.1177/00220345930720080601
Flötra L, Gjermo Pe, Rölla G, Waerhaug J. Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes. Scand J Dent Res. 1971;79(2):119-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1971.tb02001.x
Kalaga A, Addy M, Hunter B. The use of 0.2% chlorhexidine spray as an adjunct to oral hygiene and gingival health in physically and mentally handicapped adults. J periodontol 1989;60(7):381-5. doi: 10.1902/jop.1989.60.7.381
Lee YC, Charles SL, Holborow DW. The effect of local application of chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis. N Z Dent J. 1996;92(407):13-5.
Poison AM, Stoller NH, Hanes PJ, Bandt CL, Garrett S, Southard GL. 2 multi‐center trials assessing the clinical efficacy of 5% sanguinarine in a biodegradable drug delivery system. J clin periodontal. 1996;23(8):782-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1996.tb00610.x
Gazi MI, Lambourne A, Chagla AH. The antiplaque effect of toothpaste containing salvadora persica compared with chlorhexidine gluconate. Clin Prev Dent. 1987;9(6):3-8.
Van Dijken JW, Koistinen S, Ramberg P. A randomized controlled clinical study of the effect of daily intake of ascophyllum nodosum alga on calculus, plaque, and gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015; 19(6):1507-18. doi: 10.1007/s00784-014-1383-2
Karygianni L, Cecere M, Skaltsounis AL, Argyropoulou A, Hellwig E, Aligiannis N, et al. High‐level antimicrobial efficacy of representative Mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:839019. doi: 10.1155/2014/839019
Karagecili, H.; İzol, E.; Kirecci, E.; Gulcin, İ. Determination of Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, Antidiabetic, Antiglaucoma and Antimicrobial Effects of Zivzik Pomegranate (Punica granatum)—A Chemical Profiling by LC-MS/MS. Life 2023, 13,735. doi:10.3390/life13030735
Jain E, Pandey RK, Khanna R. Liquorice root extracts as potent cariostatic agents in pediatric practice. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(3):146-52. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.117964
Sedighinia F, Safipour Afshar A, Soleimanpour S, Zarif R, Asili J, Ghazvini K. Antibacterial activity of glycyrrhiza glabra against oral pathogens: an in vitro study. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2012;2(3):118-24.
Ajagannanavar SL, Battur H, Shamarao S, Sivakumar V, Patil PU, Shanavas P. Effect of aqueous and alcoholic licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus in comparison to chlorhexidine: an in vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(4):29-34.
Shannon E, Abu-Ghannam N. Antibacterial derivatives of marine algae: an overview of pharmacological mechanisms and applications. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(4):81. doi: 10.3390/md14040081
Kadam SU, O'Donnell CP, Rai DK, Hossain MB, Burgess CM, Walsh D, Tiwari BK. Laminarin from Irish brown seaweeds ascophyllum nodosum and laminaria hyperborea: ultrasound assisted extraction, characterization and bioactivity. Mar Drugs. 2015; 13(7):4270-80. doi: 10.3390/md13074270
Ahuja S, Dodwad V, Kukreja BJ, Mehra P, Kukreja P. A comparative evaluation of efficacy of punica granatum and chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis. J. Int. Clin. Dent. Res. Organ. 2011; 3(1):29. doi: 10.4103/2231-0754.115776
Ahn SJ, Cho EJ, Kim HJ, Park SN, Lim YK, Kook JK. The antimicrobial effects of deglycyrrhizinated licorice root extract on streptococcus mutans UA159 in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Anaerobe 2012;18(6):590-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.005
Ahn SJ, Song YD, Mah SJ, Cho EJ, Kook JK. Determination of optimal concentration of deglycyrrhizinated licorice root extract for preventing dental caries using a bacterial model system. J. Dent. Sci. 2014;9(3):214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.03.005
Ahn SJ, Park SN, Lee YJ, Cho EJ, Lim YK, Li XM, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activities of 1-methoxyficifolinol, licorisoflavan a, and 6, 8-diprenylgenistein against Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res. 2015;49(1):78-89. Doi: 10.1159/000362676
Hu CH, He J, Eckert R, Wu XY, Li LN, Tian Y, et al. Development and evaluation of a safe and effective sugar‐free herbal lollipop that kills cavity‐causing bacteria. Int J Oral Sci. 2011;3(1):13-20. doi: 10.4248/ijos11005
Lee KY, Jeong MR, Choi SM, Na SS, Cha JD. Synergistic effect of fucoidan with antibiotics against oral pathogenic bacteria. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58(5):482-92. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.11.002
Jiménez JT, O’Connell S, Lyons H, Bradley BA, Hall M. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities of acetone extract of ascophyllum nodosum. Chemical Papers. 2010;64(4) :434-42. doi: 10.2478/s11696-010-0024-8
Reddy MK, Gupta SK, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of tannin-rich fractions, ellagitannins and phenolic acids from punica granatum L. Planta med. 2007;73(5):461-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-967167
Naz S, Siddiqi R, Ahmad S, Rasool SA, Sayeed SA. Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from punica granatum. J Food Sci. 2007;72(9):M341-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00533.x
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio FC, Sampaio MC, Pereira MD, Higino JS, Peixoto MH. Minimum inhibitory concentration of adherence of punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) gel against S. mutans, S. mitis and C. albicans. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(3):223-7. doi: 10.1590/s0103-64402006000300009
Prasad D, Kunnaiah R. Punica granatum: a review on its potential role in treating periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodonto. 2014;18(4):428-32. doi: 10.4103/0972-124x.138678
- Abstract Viewed: 94 times
- PDF Downloaded: 170 times