Anatomical Variations of the Greater Palatine Canal and Greater Palatine Foramen in an Iranian Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography CBCT Evaluation of Greater Palatine Canal
Journal of Dental School,
Vol. 40 No. 2 (2022),
18 April 2023
,
Page 59-66
https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v40i2.41031
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess the anatomical variations of the greater palatine canal (GPC) and greater palatine foramen (GPF) in an Iranian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 193 CBCT scans of adults (94 males, 99 females) taken between 2017-2021 that were retrieved from a radiology clinic in Urmia, Iran. Axial sections were used to assess the position, diameter, and shape of GPF, and sagittal sections were used to assess the length and path of GPC. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t-test, Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-square test (alpha=0.05).
Results In most cases (97.34% of males and 98.49% of females), GPF was located distal to the maxillary first molar. The mean distance between the GPF and midpalatal suture was significantly greater in males than females (15.2±1.8 vs. 14.3±1.5 mm; P=0.002). The mean diameter of GFP was significantly larger in males than females in both mesiodistal (2.34±0.64 vs. 1.96±0.63 mm, P<0.05) and anteroposterior (4.69±1.17 vs. 4.07±1.20 mm, P=0.001) dimensions. The mean length of GPC in males was significantly higher than that in females (28.55±2.62 vs. 26.90±3.31 mm, P<0.05). The most common form of GPF and GPC (on sagittal sections) was oval, and sigmoid, and curve, respectively. The most common GPC path was anterior-inferior (65.96% of males and 64.65% of females).
Conclusion The present results provided valuable information regarding the anatomical variations of GPF and GPC in Iranian population. CBCT was proven to be a valuable tool for assessment of maxillofacial anatomical landmarks
- Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
- Maxillary Nerve
- Anatomy
- Greater Palatine Canal
How to Cite
References
Tashi S, Purohit BS, Becker M, Mundada P. The pterygopalatine fossa: imaging anatomy, communications, and pathology revisited. Insights. Imaging 2016;7:589-99.
Asha ML, Arun Kumar G, Sattigeri Anupama V, Raja Jigna V, Diksha M. Cone beam computed tomographic analysis of anatomical variations of greater palatine canal and foramen in relation to gender in South Indian population. Oral Health Dent Manag 2015;14:384-90.
Aoun G, Nasseh I. The Length of the Greater Palatine Canal in a Lebanese Population: a Radio-anatomical Study. Acta Inform Med 2016;24:397-400.
Ikuta CR, Cardoso CL, Ferreira-Júnior O, Lauris JR, Souza PH, Rubira-Bullen IR. Position of the greater palatine foramen: an anatomical study through cone beam computed tomography images. Surg Radiol Anat 2013;35:837-42.
McKinney KA, Stadler ME, Wong YT, Shah RN, Rose AS, Zdanski CJ, et al. Transpalatal greater palatine canal injection: Radioanatomic analysis of where to bend the needle for pediatric sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010;24:385-8.
Ajmani ML. Anatomical variation in position of the greater palatine foramen in the adult human skull. J Anat 1994;184:635-7.
Suzuki M, Omine Y, Shimoo Y, Yamamoto M, Kaketa A, Kasahara M, et al. Regional Anatomical Observation of Morphology of Greater Palatine Canal and Surrounding Structures. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2016;57:223-31.
Uchida Y, Yamashita Y, Danjo A, Shibata K, Kuraoka A. Computed tomography and anatomical measurements of critical sites for endosseous implants in the pterygomaxillary region: a cadaveric study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;46:798-804.
Dalili Z, Mahjoub P, Sigaroudi AK. Comparison between cone beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography in the assessment of the relationship between the mandibular canal and impacted class C mandibular third molars. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2011;8:203-10.
Nimigean V, Nimigean VR, Buţincu L, Sălăvăstru DI, Podoleanu L. Anatomical and clinical considerations regarding the greater palatine foramen. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2013;54:779-83.
Saralaya V, Nayak SR. The relative position of the greater palatine foramen in dry Indian skulls. Singapore Med J 2007;48:1143-6.
Methathrathip D, Apinhasmit W, Chompoopong S, Lertsirithong A, Ariyawatkul T, Sangvichien S. Anatomy of greater palatine foramen and canal and pterygopalatine fossa in Thais: considerations for maxillary nerve block. Surg Radiol Anat 2005;27:511-6.
Howard-Swirzinski K, Edwards PC, Saini TS, Norton NS. Length and geometric patterns of the greater palatine canal observed in cone beam computed tomography. Int J Dent 2010;2010:292753.
Safi Y, Moshfeghi M, Rahimian S, Kheirkhahi M, Manouchehri ME. Assessment of nasopalatine canal anatomic variations using cone beam computed tomography in a group of Iranian population Iran J Radiol. 2017;14(1): e13480.
Aoun G, Nasseh I, Sokhn S, Saadeh M. Analysis of the greater palatine foramen in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography technology. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015;5:S82-8.
Chrcanovic BR, Custódio AL. Anatomical variation in the position of the greater palatine foramen. J Oral Sci 2010;52:109-13.
Cagimni P, Govsa F, Ozer MA, Kazak Z. Computerized analysis of the greater palatine foramen to gain the palatine neurovascular bundle during palatal surgery. Surg Radiol Anat 2017;39:177-84.
Westmoreland EE, Blanton PL. An analysis of the variations in position of the greater palatine foramen in the adult human skull. Anat Rec 1982;204:383-8.
Tomaszewska IM, Kmiotek EK, Pena IZ, Średniawa M, Czyżowska K, Chrzan R, et al. Computed tomography morphometric analysis of the greater palatine canal: a study of 1,500 head CT scans and a systematic review of literature. Anat Sci Int 2015;90:287-97.
Bahşi İ, Orhan M, Kervancıoğlu P, Yalçın ED. Morphometric evaluation and clinical implications of the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine canal and pterygopalatine fossa on CBCT images and review of literature. Surg Radiol Anat 2019;41:551-67.
Piagkou M, Xanthos T, Anagnostopoulou S, Demesticha T, Kotsiomitis E, Piagkos G, et al. Anatomical variation and morphology in the position of the palatine foramina in adult human skulls from Greece. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012;40:e206-10.
Tomaszewska IM, Tomaszewski KA, Kmiotek EK, Pena IZ, Urbanik A, Nowakowski M, et al. Anatomical landmarks for the localization of the greater palatine foramen--a study of 1200 head CTs, 150 dry skulls, systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. J Anat 2014;225:419-35.
Sharma NA, Garud RS. Greater palatine foramen--key to successful hemimaxillary anaesthesia: a morphometric study and report of a rare aberration. Singapore Med J 2013;54:152-9.
Hwang SH, Seo JH, Joo YH, Kim BG, Cho JH, Kang JM. An anatomic study using three-dimensional reconstruction for pterygopalatine fossa infiltration via the greater palatine canal. Clin Anat 2011;24:576-82.
Aoun G, Nasseh I, Sokhn S. Radio-anatomical Study of the Greater Palatine Canal and the Pterygopalatine Fossa in a Lebanese Population: A Consideration for Maxillary Nerve Block. J Clin Imaging Sci 2016;6:35.
Sheikhi M, Zamaninaser A, Jalalian F. Length and anatomic routes of the greater palatine canal as observed by cone beam computed tomography. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013;10:155-61.
Das S, Kim D, Cannon TY, Ebert CS Jr, Senior BA. High-resolution computed tomography analysis of the greater palatine canal. Am J Rhinol 2006;20:603-8.
Douglas R, Wormald PJ. Pterygopalatine fossa infiltration through the greater palatine foramen: where to bend the needle. Laryngoscope 2006;116:1255-7.
Valizadeh S, Ahmadi SM, Ahsaie MG, Vasegh Z, Jamalzadeh N. The Anatomical Position and Size of Greater Palatine Foramen and Canal in an Iranian Sample Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2022;32:73-80.
SuShobhAnA SR, Singh S, jigyASA PASSey RS, SinhA P. Anatomical study and clinical considerations of greater palatine foramen in adult human skulls of north Indian population. Int J Anat Radiol Surg 2015;4:41-6.
Rapado-González O, Suárez-Quintanilla JA, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. Anatomical variations of the greater palatine canal in cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2017;39:717-3.
- Abstract Viewed: 325 times
- PDF Downloaded: 124 times