Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Assessment of Anatomical Variations of the Interforaminal Region in a Selected Iranian Population
Journal of Dental School,
Vol. 38 No. 4 (2020),
18 December 2021
,
Page 153-157
https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v38i4.35304
Abstract
Objectives This study assessed the anatomical variations of the mental foramen (MF) and presence and length of the anterior loop and the incisive canal in a selected Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Methods This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated CBCT scans of 256 patients (123 males, 133 females) over 18 years of age. The CBCT multiplanar reformatted panoramic images (10-mm thickness) were used to assess the anatomical position of the MF and presence/absence and length of the anterior loop. The cross-sectional images were used to assess the presence/absence and length of the incisive canal. The anatomical variations were compared in the right and left sides and between males and females using dependent and independent t-test. SPSS version 21was used for statistical analysis.
Results The most common position of MF was adjacent to the apex of the second premolar, noted in 41.4% of the patients. The second common position of MF was between the apices of the first and second premolars (30.1% of the patients). The anterior loop was present in 44.3% of the patients. The mean length of the anterior loop and the incisive canal was 2.64 mm and 7.15 mm, respectively. No significant difference was noted between males and females or right and left sides in any variable (P>0.05).
Conclusion Anatomical variations of the anaterior mandible indicate the significance of 3D imaging to prevent nerve traumatization by proper treatment planning.
Keywords:
- Anatomy
- Mandible
- Mental foramen
- Cone-beam computed tomography
How to Cite
Valizadeh, S. ., Alesheikh, H., & Iranparvar Alamdari, M. (2021). Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Assessment of Anatomical Variations of the Interforaminal Region in a Selected Iranian Population. Journal of Dental School, 38(4), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v38i4.35304
References
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14. Khojastepour L, Mirbeigi S, Mirhadi S, Safaee A. Location of Mental Foramen in a Selected Iranian Population: A CBCT Assessment. Iranian endodontic journal. 2015;10(2):117-21.
15. Safaee A, Mirbeigi S, Ezoddini F, Khojastepour L, Navab-Azam A. Buccolingual course of the inferior alveolar canal in different mental foramen locations: A cone beam computed tomography study of an Iranian population. International journal of applied & basic medical research. 2016;6(4):262-6.
16. Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC. The mental foramen: 3. Size and position on panoramic radiographs. Journal of endodontics. 1992;18(8):383-6.
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18. Haghanifar S, Rokouei M. Radiographic evaluation of the mental foramen in a selected Iranian population. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2009;20(2):150-2.
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21. Pyun JH, Lim YJ, Kim MJ, Ahn SJ, Kim J. Position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs and its relation to the horizontal course of the mandibular canal: a computed tomographic analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(8):890-5.
22. Santini A, Alayan I. A comparative anthropometric study of the position of the mental foramen in three populations. British dental journal. 2012;212(4):E7.
23. Makris N, Stamatakis H, Syriopoulos K, Tsiklakis K, van der Stelt PF. Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21(7):766-71.
24. Pires CA, Bissada NF, Becker JJ, Kanawati A, Landers MA. Mandibular Incisive Canal: Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2012;14(1):67-73.
25. Niknami M, Mostafavi M, Romoozi E, Xiavi HM. Diagnosis of incisive canal in patients referred to radiology department of dental faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences using cone beam computed tomogtaphy. Journal of Dental Medicine. 2016;28(4):283-9.
26. Panjnoush M, Rabiee ZS, Kheirandish Y. Assessment of Location and Anatomical Characteristics of Mental Foramen, Anterior Loop and Mandibular Incisive Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2016;13(2):126-32.
27. Rosa MB, Sotto-Maior BS, Machado Vde C, Francischone CE. Retrospective study of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve and the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography. The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants. 2013;28(2):388-92.
28. Lim JTS, Kang WJ, Ajit Bapat R, Kanneppady SK, Pandurangappa R. Evaluation of Mandibular Incisive Canal using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Malaysians. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2019;18(4):596-603.
29. Moghddam MR, Davoudmanesh Z, Azizi N, Rakhshan V, Shariati M. Prevalence and Length of the Anterior Loop of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve in Iranians. The Journal of oral implantology. 2017;43(5):333-6.
30. Filo K, Schneider T, Locher MC, Kruse AL, Lübbers HT. The inferior alveolar nerve's loop at the mental foramen and its implications for surgery. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939). 2014;145(3):260-9.
31. Li X, Jin ZK, Zhao H, Yang K, Duan JM, Wang WJ. The prevalence, length and position of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve in Chinese, assessed by spiral computed tomography. Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA. 2013;35(9):823-30.
2. do Nascimento EHL, Dos Anjos Pontual ML, Dos Anjos Pontual A, da Cruz Perez DE, Figueiroa JN, Frazão MAG, et al. Assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal: A study using cone-beam computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent. 2016;46(2):69-75.
3. Uchida Y, Yamashita Y, Goto M, Hanihara T. Measurement of Anterior Loop Length for the Mandibular Canal and Diameter of the Mandibular Incisive Canal to Avoid Nerve Damage When Installing Endosseous Implants in the Interforaminal Region. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2007;65(9):1772-9.
4. Kheir MK, Sheikhi M. Assessment of the anterior loop of mental nerve in an Iranian population using cone beam computed tomography scan. Dental research journal. 2017;14(6):418-22.
5. Eren H, Orhan K, Bagis N, Nalcaci R, Misirli M, Hincal E. Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of mandibular canal anterior loop morphology and volume in a group of Turkish patients. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2016;30(2):346-53.
6. Aguiar MF, Marques AP, Carvalho AC, Cavalcanti MG. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography for implant planning. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(4):362-5.
7. Demirturk Kocasarac H, Geha H, Gaalaas LR, Nixdorf DR. MRI for Dental Applications. Dental clinics of North America. 2018;62(3):467-80.
8. Çağlayan F, Sümbüllü MA, Akgül HM. Is ultrasonography sufficient for evaluation of mental foramen? Dento maxillo facial radiology. 2019;48(3):20180252.
9. Makris N, Stamatakis H, Syriopoulos K, Tsiklakis K, Van Der Stelt PF. Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone‐beam computed tomography. Clinical oral implants research. 2010;21(7):766-71.
10. Shashidhar K, Sridevi N. Anthropometric analysis of mental foramen in dry human mandibles in Karnataka. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy. 2019;8(4):148-52.
11. Mendonca Amorim M, Bevilacqua Prado F, Bicalho Borini C, Oliveira Bittar T, Volpato MC, Groppo FC, et al. The Mental Foramen Position in Dentate and Edentulous Brazilian's Mandible. International Journal of Morphology. 2008;26:981-7.
12. SOIKKONEN K, WOLF J, AINAMO A, QIUFEI X. Changes in the position of the mental foramen as a result of alveolar atrophy. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1995;22(11):831-3.
13. Harandi A, Moudi E, Gholinia H, Akbarnezhad M. A cone-beam computed tomography study of apical and mental foramen’s location in mandibular premolars. Capian Journal Of Dental Research. 2018;7(1):27-36.
14. Khojastepour L, Mirbeigi S, Mirhadi S, Safaee A. Location of Mental Foramen in a Selected Iranian Population: A CBCT Assessment. Iranian endodontic journal. 2015;10(2):117-21.
15. Safaee A, Mirbeigi S, Ezoddini F, Khojastepour L, Navab-Azam A. Buccolingual course of the inferior alveolar canal in different mental foramen locations: A cone beam computed tomography study of an Iranian population. International journal of applied & basic medical research. 2016;6(4):262-6.
16. Phillips JL, Weller RN, Kulild JC. The mental foramen: 3. Size and position on panoramic radiographs. Journal of endodontics. 1992;18(8):383-6.
17. Amorim MM, Borini CB, Lopes SLPdC, Haiter-Neto F, Caria PHF. Morphological Description of Mandibular Canal in Panoramic Radiographs of Brazilian Subjects: Association Between Anatomic Characteristic and Clinical Procedures. International Journal of Morphology. 2009;27:1243-8.
18. Haghanifar S, Rokouei M. Radiographic evaluation of the mental foramen in a selected Iranian population. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2009;20(2):150-2.
19. Dehghani M, Ghanea S. Position of the Mental Foramen in Panoramic Radiography and Its Relationship to Age in a Selected Iranian Population. Avicenna J Dent Res. 2016;8(1):3-.
20. Saberi Ea, Kazemian R, Farhadmollashahi N, Mohammadi A, Alidadiani F. Location of mental foramen in a southeast iranian population: a digital panoramic assessment. Capian Journal Of Dental Research. 2017;6(2):44-7.
21. Pyun JH, Lim YJ, Kim MJ, Ahn SJ, Kim J. Position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs and its relation to the horizontal course of the mandibular canal: a computed tomographic analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24(8):890-5.
22. Santini A, Alayan I. A comparative anthropometric study of the position of the mental foramen in three populations. British dental journal. 2012;212(4):E7.
23. Makris N, Stamatakis H, Syriopoulos K, Tsiklakis K, van der Stelt PF. Evaluation of the visibility and the course of the mandibular incisive canal and the lingual foramen using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21(7):766-71.
24. Pires CA, Bissada NF, Becker JJ, Kanawati A, Landers MA. Mandibular Incisive Canal: Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2012;14(1):67-73.
25. Niknami M, Mostafavi M, Romoozi E, Xiavi HM. Diagnosis of incisive canal in patients referred to radiology department of dental faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences using cone beam computed tomogtaphy. Journal of Dental Medicine. 2016;28(4):283-9.
26. Panjnoush M, Rabiee ZS, Kheirandish Y. Assessment of Location and Anatomical Characteristics of Mental Foramen, Anterior Loop and Mandibular Incisive Canal Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran). 2016;13(2):126-32.
27. Rosa MB, Sotto-Maior BS, Machado Vde C, Francischone CE. Retrospective study of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve and the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography. The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants. 2013;28(2):388-92.
28. Lim JTS, Kang WJ, Ajit Bapat R, Kanneppady SK, Pandurangappa R. Evaluation of Mandibular Incisive Canal using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Malaysians. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2019;18(4):596-603.
29. Moghddam MR, Davoudmanesh Z, Azizi N, Rakhshan V, Shariati M. Prevalence and Length of the Anterior Loop of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve in Iranians. The Journal of oral implantology. 2017;43(5):333-6.
30. Filo K, Schneider T, Locher MC, Kruse AL, Lübbers HT. The inferior alveolar nerve's loop at the mental foramen and its implications for surgery. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939). 2014;145(3):260-9.
31. Li X, Jin ZK, Zhao H, Yang K, Duan JM, Wang WJ. The prevalence, length and position of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve in Chinese, assessed by spiral computed tomography. Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA. 2013;35(9):823-30.
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