Soft tissue facial profile and anteroposterior lip positioning in Iranians
Journal of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
Vol. 32 No. 2 (2014),
13 March 2019
,
Page 90-95
https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v32i2.24802
Abstract
Objective: Since orthodontic and orthognathic treatment planning in each ethnic group must be done according to the soft tissue facial characteristics regarded as beauty, they thus vary from country to country. The main purpose of this articlewas to determine the mean range of the middle third of soft tissue facial profile and anteroposterior lip positioning using 3angular and 2 linear measurements in adult male and female Iranians to compare with European standards.
Methods: After clinical examination of 180 dental students, 70 Iranian adults who had normal occlusion aged between 21 to 29 years (mean:24.5 years) were selected(35 males and 35females). After obtaining consent form, lateral cephalograms were taken in natural head position (NHP) (as seen in a mirror) and analyzed according to the Rickets(E-Line),Tweed-Merrifield(Z-angle) and Holdaway (H-angle).For comparison of data with standards, the One-Sample-t-test and for comparison of measurements between groups, Independent Sample-t-test was used.
Results: Radiographic evaluation revealed that all Iranian samples had significant differences with European standards with no differences between males and females. In the Rickets (E-Line) analysis, both upper (p<0.001)and lower(p<0.01) lips were behind the E-line. In the Tweed- Merrifield (Z-angle) analysis this angle in the Iranian sample was smaller (p<0.001) and in the Holdaway (H-angle) analysis our sample had smaller H-angle as well (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Iranian adults have retruded upper and lower lip position in both sexes and more convex profile than European standards; thismay be due to a more retruded position of the chin and lips or more prominence of the nose in Iranian samples.
- Holdaway analysis
- Iranian adults
- Lateral cephalogram
- Ricketts esthetic analysis
- Soft tissue profile
- Tweed-Merrifield analysis
How to Cite
References
Sarver DM, Johnston MW. Radiographic cephalometry fromBasics to 3-D Imaging .2nd Ed. Chicago:Quintessence Publishing Co. 2006;Chap 20:219-231.
Kalha AS, Latif A, Govardhan SN. Soft tissue cephalometric norms in a South Indian ethnic population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 876-881.
Taki AA, Oguz F, Abuhijleh E. Facial soft tissue values in Persian adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod 2009; 79:491-494.
AL-GunaidT,YamadaK,Yamaki M, Saito I. Soft-tissue cephalometric norms in yemeni men. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2007; 132:576.e7-14.
Czarnecki ST, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 1993; 104: 180-187.
IoiH, Shimomura T, Nakata SH, Nakasima A, Counts AL. Comparison of anteroposterior lip positions of the most–favored facial profile of Korean and Japanese people. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 134: 490-495.
Hwang HS, Kim WS, McNamara JA Jr. Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod 2002; 72: 72-80.
Park IC, Bowman D, Klapper L. Acephalometric study of Korean adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989; 96: 54-59.
Alcalde RE, Jinno T, Orsini MG, Sasaki A, Sugiyama RM, Matsumura T. Soft tissue cephalometric norms in Japanese adults. Am J OrthodDentofacial Orthop 2000; 118: 84-89.
Ioi H, Nakata SH, Nakasima A, Counts AL. Comparison of cephalometric norms between Japanese and Caucasion adults in anteroposterior and vertical dimension. Eur J Orthod 2007; 29: 493-499.
Miyajima K, McNamara JA Jr, Kimura T, Murata S, Iizuka T. Craniofacial structure of Japanese and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 110: 431-437.
Ioi H, Nakata S, Nakasima A, Counts AL. Anteroposterior lip positions of the most- favored Japanese facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 206-211.
SahinSağlamAM. Holdaway measurement norms in Turkish adults. Quintessence Int 2002; 33: 757-762.
Basciftci FA, Uysal T, Buyukerkmen A. Determination of Holdaway soft tissue norms in Anatolian Turkish adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123: 395-400.
Kalha AS, Latif A, Govardhan SN. Soft tissue cephalometric norms in a South Indian ethnic population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133: 876-881.
Al Barakati SF. Soft tissue facial profile of adult Saudies Lateral cephalometric analysis. Saudi Med J 2011; 32: 836-842.
Lew KK, Ho KK, Keng SB, Ho KH. Soft-tissue cephalometric norms in Chinese adults with esthetic facial profile. J Oral Maxillofac Surge 1992; 50: 1184-9: discussion 1189-1190.
Scavone H, Zahn-Silva W, do valle-Corotti KM, Nahás AC. Soft tissue profile in white Brazilian adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Angle Orthod2008; 78: 58-63.
Anić-Milošević S, Lapter-Varga M, Dumancic J, ŠlajM. Analysis of the soft tissue profile in Croatians with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Eur J Orthod2011; 33: 305-310.
Mafi P, Ghazisaeidi MR, Mafi A. Ideal soft tissue facial profile in Iranian females. J CraniofacSurg 2005; 16: 508-511.
Poosti M, Ramezanzadeh B, Salehi T, Rashed R. Retrospective evaluation of facial soft tissue cephalometric parameters in adolescents with normal occlusion. Int J Orthod Milwaukee 2010; 21: 15-18.
Hajighadimi M, Dougherty HL, Garakani F. Cephalometric evaluation of Iranian children and its comparison with Tweed’s and Steiner’s standards. Am J Orthod 1981;79: 192-197.
Jacobson A, Vlachos CH. Radiographic cephalometry from Basics to 3-D Imaging. 2nd Ed.
Chicago: Quintessence 2006; Chap19: 212-214.
Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for medical and biological students. 1st Ed. London: Allen &Unwin Ltd. 1940; Chap 21: 217-222.
Nouri M, AsgharpourBazkiaei Z. Soft tissue cepharometric norms of 9 to 11 years old children in Qazvin. JQUMS 1999; 9: 10-23. [Persian]
Farahani M, Seifi M, Eslami Y. A comparison of cephalometric standards of Iranian and American Caucasian adolescents. J Dent Sch 2004; 22: 455-501. [Persian]
- Abstract Viewed: 289 times
- PDF Downloaded: 295 times