L-Lysine: A Comprehensive Review of Biosynthesis Pathways, Industrial Production Methods, and Diverse Applications L-Lysin bioproduction
Applied Food Biotechnology,
Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026),
7 December 2025
,
Page 1-16 (e19)
https://doi.org/10.22037/afb.v13i1.52636
Abstract
Background and Objective: L‑Lysine, an essential amino acid, plays critical roles in protein synthesis, metabolic regulation and structural integrity. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the amino acid chemical characteristics, biosynthesis pathways, industrial production strategies and diverse uses in nutrition, medicine and biotechnology.
Literature Search Strategy: A literature search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to 2025. Keywords included "L‑lysine", "biosynthesis", "fermentation", "Corynebacterium glutamicum" and "applications". Relevant original research, reviews and patents from major patent authorities (e.g., USPTO, WIPO and EPO) were critically assessed. As a narrative review, the synthesis focused on providing a broad overview of the field rather than a quantitative meta-analysis.
Results and conclusion: The diaminopimelic acid pathway in bacteria and plants and the α‑aminoadipic acid pathway in fungi were detailed. Industrial production depended on engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum strains with feedback‑resistant aspartokinase, optimized biotin levels and downstream ion‑exchange purification. Key uses included animal feed supplementation, antiviral therapy, bone health, anxiety reduction and emerging roles in cancer immunotherapy. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9, metabolic flux analysis and sustainable feedstocks were highlighted.L‑Lysine is a cornerstone of the global bioeconomy with expanding pharmaceutical and material uses. Precision metabolic engineering and circular bioeconomy approaches drive further innovations
- Biosynthesis
- Corynebacterium glutamicum
- Flux analysis
- Industrial production
- L Lysine
How to Cite
References
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