Risk of increased expression of ACE2 membrane protein in patients with hypertension: Review of COVID-19
Archives of Advances in Biosciences,
Vol. 12 No. 1 (2021),
23 February 2021
,
Page 52-64
https://doi.org/10.22037/aab.v12i1.30521
Abstract
Context: In late 2019, COVID-19 launched a pandemic from around Wuhan, China. It`s called the SARS-CoV-2 virus which belongs to the corona family and it has a lot in common with SARS-CoV-2, but it has been reported to be more common.
Evidence Acquisition: The risk of the virus is high for people with high blood pressure and use medication. The reason for this potential and risk for COVID-19 is an increase in expression in a membrane protein called ACE2. This protein is responsible for converting Ang I to Ang1-9 as well as converting Ang II to Ang1-7.
Results: Its pathogenic role is due to its receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Research has shown that there is a significant link between hypertension, Increase the expression and activity of ACE2 and having coronavirus. That`s why our goal is to remind people of high blood pressure about the risk of developing Covid-19. We studied ACE2 and Covid-19 from a clinical and biological point of view. In the following we have shown the position and the type of virus connection to ACE2 with the help of protein database.
Conclusion: In the SARS-Cov-2, there are four structural proteins and several non-structural proteins together with capsid can contain positive-stranded RNA viruses. Studies have shown that the Spike (S) protein binds strongly to the chain E and F with the ACE2 receptor.
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, Hypertension, Receptor
How to Cite
References
Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020:S0163-4453(20)30114-6.
Jones L, Walsh K, Willcox M, Morgan P, Nichols J. The COVID-19 pandemic: Important considerations for contact lens practitioners. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020:S1367-0484(20)30055-2.
Pooladi M, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Bahonar A, Hushmandi K, Raei M. Investigating the Efficient Management of Different Countries in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Marine Medicine. 2020;2(1):18-25.
Qiang X-L, Xu P, Fang G, Liu W-B, Kou Z. Using the spike protein feature to predict infection risk and monitor the evolutionary dynamic of coronavirus. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):33-.
Chavez S, Long B, Koyfman A, Liang SY. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2020:S0735-6757(20)30178-9.
Luan J, Lu Y, Jin X, Zhang L. Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020:S0006-291X(20)30526-X.
Li Y, Li H, Zhou L. EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 inhibits ACE2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020:S0092-8674(20)30229-4.
Ortega JT, Serrano ML, Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: An in silico analysis. EXCLI J. 2020;19:410-7.
Oparil S, Acelajado MC, Bakris GL, Berlowitz DR, Cífková R, Dominiczak AF, et al. Hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18014-.
Cuevas S, Villar VAM, Jose PA. Genetic polymorphisms associated with reactive oxygen species and blood pressure regulation. Pharmacogenomics J. 2019;19(4):315-36.
Yoon EY, Cohn L, Freed G, Rocchini A, Kershaw D, Ascione F, et al. Use of antihypertensive medications and diagnostic tests among privately insured adolescents and young adults with primary versus secondary hypertension. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(1):73-8.
Litwin M, Feber J, Niemirska A, Michałkiewicz J. Primary hypertension is a disease of premature vascular aging associated with neuro-immuno-metabolic abnormalities. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(2):185-94.
Gupta-Malhotra M, Banker A, Shete S, Hashmi SS, Tyson JE, Barratt MS, et al. Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(1):73-80.
Botzer A, Grossman E, Moult J, Unger R. A system view and analysis of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(5):1094-103.
Arendse LB, Danser AHJ, Poglitsch M, Touyz RM, Burnett JC, Jr., Llorens-Cortes C, et al. Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure. Pharmacol Rev. 2019;71(4):539-70.
Joshi AA, Vaidya SS, St-Pierre MV, Mikheev AM, Desino KE, Nyandege AN, et al. Placental ABC Transporters: Biological Impact and Pharmaceutical Significance. Pharm Res. 2016;33(12):2847-78.
Song W, Gui M, Wang X, Xiang Y. Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14(8):e1007236-e.
Patel SK, Velkoska E, Freeman M, Wai B, Lancefield TF, Burrell LM. From gene to protein-experimental and clinical studies of ACE2 in blood pressure control and arterial hypertension. Front Physiol. 2014;5:227-.
Xiao F, Zimpelmann J, Agaybi S, Gurley SB, Puente L, Burns KD. Characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ectodomain shedding from mouse proximal tubular cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85958-e.
Wang Q, Qiu Y, Li J-Y, Zhou Z-J, Liao C-H, Ge X-Y. A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility. Virol Sin. 2020:1-3.
Nguyen TM, Zhang Y, Pandolfi PP. Virus against virus: a potential treatment for 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) and other RNA viruses. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):189-90.
Patel VB, Zhong J-C, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Heart Failure. Circ Res. 2016;118(8):1313-26.
Suárez MB, Alonso-Nuñez ML, del Rey F, McInerny CJ, Vázquez de Aldana CR. Regulation of Ace2-dependent genes requires components of the PBF complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Cycle. 2015;14(19):3124-37.
Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91-8.
Keyhan SO, Fallahi HR, Cheshmi B. Dysosmia and dysgeusia due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus; a hypothesis that needs further investigation. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;42(1):9.
Lythgoe MP, Middleton P. Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020.
Kolifarhood G, Aghaali M, Mozafar Saadati H, Taherpour N, Rahimi S, Izadi N, et al. Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of COVID-19; a Narrative Review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e41-e.
Tang X, Wu C, Li X, Song Y, Yao X, Wu X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 2020:nwaa036.
Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020:S1684-182(20)30082-7.
Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN. A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7560-e.
Lai C-C, Liu YH, Wang C-Y, Wang Y-H, Hsueh S-C, Yen M-Y, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020:S1684-182(20)30040-2.
Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281-6.
Zhao S, Ling K, Yan H, Zhong L, Peng X, Yao S, et al. Anesthetic Management of Patients with COVID 19 Infections during Emergency Procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(5):1125-31.
Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect. 2020;80(4):401-6.
Davarpanah AH, Mahdavi A, Sabri A, Langroudi TF, Kahkouee S, Haseli S, et al. Novel Screening and Triage Strategy in Iran During Deadly Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic: Value of Humanitarian Teleconsultation Service. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020:S1546-440(20)30294-5.
Mardani R, Ahmadi Vasmehjani A, Zali F, Gholami A, Mousavi Nasab SD, Kaghazian H, et al. Laboratory Parameters in Detection of COVID-19 Patients with Positive RT-PCR; a Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e43-e.
Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Jha R, Chu DKW, Gu H, Peiris M, et al. Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2020;9(11):e00169-20.
Liu R, Han H, Liu F, Lv Z, Wu K, Liu Y, et al. Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:172-5.
Rosa SGV, Santos WC. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e40-e.
Fantini J, Scala CD, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020:105960-.
Colson P, Rolain J-M, Lagier J-C, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020:105932-.
Walls AC, Park Y-J, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020:S0092-8674(20)30262-2.
Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, et al. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell host & microbe. 2020.
Kumar S, Maurya VK, Prasad AK, Bhatt MLB, Saxena SK. Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Virusdisease. 2020:1-9.
Keane SC, Giedroc DP. Solution structure of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nsp3a and determinants of the interaction with MHV nucleocapsid (N) protein. J Virol. 2013;87(6):3502-15.
Guotao L, Xingpeng Z, Zhihui D, Huirui W. SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting with hematochezia. Medecine et maladies infectieuses. 2020:S0399-077X(20)30078-0.
Lin S-M, Lin S-C, Hsu J-N, Chang C-K, Chien C-M, Wang Y-S, et al. Structure-Based Stabilization of Non-native Protein-Protein Interactions of Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins in Antiviral Drug Design. J Med Chem. 2020;63(6):3131-41.
Haber PK, Ye M, Wysocki J, Maier C, Haque SK, Batlle D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-independent action of presumed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activators: studies in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Hypertension. 2014;63(4):774-82.
Minato T, Nirasawa S, Sato T, Yamaguchi T, Hoshizaki M, Inagaki T, et al. B38-CAP is a bacteria-derived ACE2-like enzyme that suppresses hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1058-.
Xia H, Feng Y, Obr TD, Hickman PJ, Lazartigues E. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated reduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in the brain impairs baroreflex function in hypertensive mice. Hypertension. 2009;53(2):210-6.
Feng Y, Xia H, Santos RA, Speth R, Lazartigues E. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a new target for neurogenic hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2010;95(5):601-6.
Meng Y, Li T, Zhou G-S, Chen Y, Yu C-H, Pang M-X, et al. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas axis protects against lung fibroblast migration and lung fibrosis by inhibiting the NOX4-derived ROS-mediated RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;22(3):241-58.
Bindom SM, Hans CP, Xia H, Boulares AH, Lazartigues E. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) gene therapy improves glycemic control in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2010;59(10):2540-8.
Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020:NEJMsr2005760.
Zhao S, Musa SS, Lin Q, Ran J, Yang G, Wang W, et al. Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):388.
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020:NEJMc2004973.
Wang X, Xu W, Hu G, Xia S, Sun Z, Liu Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020:1-3.
- Abstract Viewed: 207 times
- PDF Downloaded: 264 times