Trends in Peptide and Protein Sciences

Pectinase or pectinolytic enzyme is a complex enzyme with different catalytic units including polygalacturonase, pectin esterase and pectin lyase to degrade pectin polymers into different end products. The pectinase with degrading capability of pectin can be utilized in various industrial applications, such as clarification of fruits and vegetable juices, degumming of plant bast fibers, textile industries for removing non-cellulosic impurities, papermaking industries, wine clarification, coffee and tea fermentation, wastewater treatment, as well as, it is also used for the isolation of protoplasm in plant science research. Pectin derived oligosaccharides (POS) produced by pectinase are considered as prebiotic molecules.  However, the low operational stability in harsh industrial conditions confines the utilization of pectinase in industrial processes. Immobilization is the technique, which not only enhanced the stability of pectinase, but also, made the enzyme reusable for continuous industrial processes. The current review shares information about the pectinase and how the immobilization technology can enhance the industrial application of pectinase. Furthermore, various supports such as sodium alginate, agar-agar, polyacrylamide, aminated silica gel, nanocomposite microspheres, silica coated chitosan, nylon-6, porous glass etc. have been tested for the immobilization of pectinase through different methods, including entrapment, binding to a support and enzyme crosslinking. 

HIGHLIGHTS

•  Pectinase is a complex enzyme with different catalytic units including polygalacturonase, pectin esterase and pectin lyase.


• Pectinase immobilization enhanced the stability of pectinase and made the enzyme reusable for continuous industrial processes.


• Entrapment, binding to a support and enzyme crosslinking are the common methods used for the immobilization of pectinase.

Sickle cell diseases are the most prevalent monogenic blood diseases with complications such as severe end-organ harm, pain, and reduced life expectancy. Dealing options for sickle cell diseases are inadequate, as there are just two FDA-approved drugs to decrease acute manifestation. The only sickle cell diseases curative procedure is bone marrow transplantation, frequently from a harmonized, related donor. Ex vivo manipulation of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and subsequent transplantation of genetically altered cells theoretically offer an everlasting therapy appropriate to all sickle cell anemia patients, regardless of the accessibility of fit donors and graft-versus-host disease. In this review, we emphasize applying CRISPR gene editing strategies for sickle cell anemia treatment, containing the genetic modification and rectification of sickle cell disease mutation in β-globin and the stimulation of fetal hemoglobin to protect cells against sickling. We summarize the importance of stem cell manipulation to cure sickle cell anemia having likely lifetime efficacy for cell and gene therapies.

HIGHLIGHTS
• Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a type of monogenic blood disorders.
• The CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to treat SCD.
• RBC sickling is reversed by mutation correction or fetal hemoglobin induction.