Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Crocin-loaded Casein Hydrogels Crocin-loaded casein hydrogels
Trends in Peptide and Protein Sciences,
Vol. 7 (2022),
7 March 2022
,
Page 1-9 (e3)
https://doi.org/10.22037/tpps.v7i.37420
Abstract
Crocin, the main active constituent of saffron, has many important biological activities. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, crocin can be potentially effective in different pathological conditions including oral ulcers. Novel drug delivery systems such as hydrogels have been used to increase the stability of crocin and provide a controlled release of this compound. Casein is the main protein of milk that possesses suitable properties for the fabrication of hydrogels. In this paper, casein-based hydrogels with different casein to crocin weight ratios were synthesized using the acid-gelation method. The prepared crocin-loaded hydrogels were characterized regarding their rheological behavior, drug content, swelling ratio, surface morphology, thermal stability, and in vitro release profile. The structure of casein hydrogels was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. All formulations exhibited a pseudoplastic rheological behavior and there was no statistically significant difference in viscosity among them. Hydrogel with casein to crocin weight ratio of 10:1 had larger pores and demonstrated a higher swelling percentage and suitable thermal stability. All casein-based hydrogels demonstrated a slow release of crocin over 24 hours and the hydrogel with lower casein to crocin weight ratio had an increased release rate. Taken together, casein-based hydrogels were found to be effective carriers to provide a controlled release system for crocin delivery.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Casein-based hydrogels were developed for delivery of crocin.
- Casein-based hydrogels provided a controlled in vitro release profile for crocin.
- Hydrogel with a lower casein ratio exhibited a higher release rate of crocin.
Keywords:
- Casein
- Crocin
- Drug delivery system
- Hydrogel
How to Cite
1.
Mehryab F, Taghizadeh F, Haeri A. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Crocin-loaded Casein Hydrogels: Crocin-loaded casein hydrogels. Trends Pept. Protein Sci. [Internet]. 2022 Mar. 9 [cited 2024 Dec. 13];7:1-9 (e3). Available from: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/protein/article/view/37420
References
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Esposito, E., M. Drechsler, N. Huang, G. Pavoni, R. Cortesi, D. Santonocito and C. Puglia (2016). "Ethosomes and organogels for cutaneous administration of crocin." Biomedical Microdevices, 18(6): 108.
Esposito, E., M. Drechsler, P. Mariani, A. M. Panico, V. Cardile, L. Crascì, F. Carducci, A. C. E. Graziano, R. Cortesi and C. Puglia (2017). "Nanostructured lipid dispersions for topical administration of crocin, a potent antioxidant from saffron (Crocus sativus L.)." Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 71: 669-677.
Eyigor, A., F. Bahadori, V. B. Yenigun and M. S. Eroglu (2018). "Beta-Glucan based temperature responsive hydrogels for 5-ASA delivery." Carbohydrate Polymers, 201: 454-463.
Fagot, D., D. M. Pham, J. Laboureau, E. Planel, L. Guerin, C. Nègre, M. Donovan and B. A. Bernard (2018). "Crocin, a natural molecule with potentially beneficial effects against skin ageing." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4): 388-400.
Ganji, F., S. Vasheghani Farahani and E. Vasheghani-Farahani (2010). "Theoretical Description of Hydrogel Swelling: A Review." Iranian Polymer Journal, 19: 375-398.
Ghica, M. V., M. Hîrjău, D. Lupuleasa and C. E. Dinu-Pîrvu (2016). "Flow and Thixotropic Parameters for Rheological Characterization of Hydrogels." Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(6).
Hafeez, S., A. Islam, N. Gull, A. Ali, S. M. Khan, S. Zia, K. Anwar, S. U. Khan and T. Jamil (2018). "γ-Irradiated chitosan based injectable hydrogels for controlled release of drug (Montelukast sodium)." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 114: 890-897.
Hanna, D. H., V. F. Lotfy, A. H. Basta and G. R. Saad (2020). "Comparative evaluation for controlling release of niacin from protein- and cellulose-chitosan based hydrogels." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150: 228-237.
Hoare, T. R. and D. S. Kohane (2008). "Hydrogels in drug delivery: Progress and challenges." Polymer, 49(8): 1993-2007.
Hu, X., W. Wei, X. Qi, H. Yu, L. Feng, J. Li, S. Wang, J. Zhang and W. Dong (2015). "Preparation and characterization of a novel pH-sensitive Salecan-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel for controlled release of doxorubicin." Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 3(13): 2685-2697.
Johnson, A., F. Kong, S. Miao, H.-T. V. Lin, S. Thomas, Y.-C. Huang and Z.-L. Kong (2020). "Therapeutic effects of antibiotics loaded cellulose nanofiber and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide composite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment." Scientific Reports, 10(1): 18037.
Kajthunyakarn, W., D. Sakloetsakun and T. Pongjanyakul (2018). "Sodium caseinate-magnesium aluminum silicate nanocomposite films for modified-release tablets." Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 92: 827-839.
Khodaverdi, E., S. Maftouhian, A. Aliabadi, M. Hassanzadeh, M. Fatemeh, B. Khameneh and F. Hadizadeh (2018). "Casein-based hydrogel carrying insulin: preparation, in vitro evaluation and in vivo assessment." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 49: 635-641.
Kocaman, G., E. Altinoz, M. E. Erdemli, M. Gul, Z. Erdemli, E. Zayman, H. G. G. Bag and T. Aydın (2021). "Crocin attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress-related periodontitis in cardiac tissues in rats." Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical Universityl, 30(5): 517-524.
Liu, W., Y. Sun, Z. Cheng, Y. Guo, P. Liu and Y. Wen (2018). "Crocin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats." Pharmaceutical Biology, 56(1): 209-216.
Madhusudhan, S., D. Gowda, N. V. Gupta and A. R (2020). "An overview on topical drug delivery system – Updated review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11: 368-385.
Mahmoud, N. N., R. Hamed and E. A. Khalil (2020). "Colloidal stability and rheological properties of gold nanoparticle–loaded polymeric hydrogels: impact of nanoparticle’s shape, surface modification, and concentration." Colloid and Polymer Science, 298(8): 989-999.
Nascimento, L. G. L., F. Casanova, N. F. N. Silva, A. Teixeira and A. F. Carvalho (2020). "Casein-based hydrogels: A mini-review." Food Chemistry, 314: 126063.
Omidkhoda, S. F., B. M. Razavi, M. Imenshahidi, M. Rameshrad and H. Hosseinzadeh (2020). "Evaluation of possible effects of crocin against nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction." Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 23(3): 303-310.
Picchio, M. L., J. C. Cuggino, G. Nagel, S. Wedepohl, R. J. Minari, C. I. Alvarez Igarzabal, L. M. Gugliotta and M. Calderón (2018). "Crosslinked casein-based micelles as a dually responsive drug delivery system." Polymer Chemistry, 9(25): 3499-3510.
Puglia, C., D. Santonocito, T. Musumeci, V. Cardile, A. C. E. Graziano, L. Salerno, G. Raciti, L. Crascì, A. M. Panico and G. Puglisi (2019). "Nanotechnological Approach to Increase the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Crocin and Crocetin." Planta Medica, 85(3): 258-265.
Purushothaman, B., M. Harsha, U. Palanisamy and M. Begum (2019). "Magnetic assisted curcumin drug delivery using folate receptor targeted hybrid casein-calcium ferrite nanocarrier." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 52.
Rahaiee, S., S. A. Shojaosadati, M. Hashemi, S. Moini and S. H. Razavi (2015). "Improvement of crocin stability by biodegradeble nanoparticles of chitosan-alginate." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79: 423-432.
Rassu, G., A. Salis, E. P. Porcu, P. Giunchedi, M. Roldo and E. Gavini (2016). "Composite chitosan/alginate hydrogel for controlled release of deferoxamine: A system to potentially treat iron dysregulation diseases." Carbohydrate Polymers, 136: 1338-1347.
Sharma, S., S. Afgan, Deepak, A. Kumar and R. Kumar (2019). "l-Alanine induced thermally stable self-healing guar gum hydrogel as potential drug vehicle for sustained release of hydrophilic drug." Materials Science and Engineering: C, 99: 1384-1391.
Simão, A. R., V. H. Fragal, M. C. G. Pellá, F. P. Garcia, C. V. Nakamura, R. Silva, E. B. Tambourgi and A. F. Rubira (2020). "Drug polarity effect over the controlled release in casein and chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogels." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 158: 116-126.
Song, F., L. M. Zhang, J. F. Shi and N. N. Li (2010). "Novel casein hydrogels: formation, structure and controlled drug release." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 79(1): 142-148.
Song, F., L. M. Zhang, C. Yang and L. Yan (2009). "Genipin-crosslinked casein hydrogels for controlled drug delivery." International journal of pharmaceutics, 373(1-2): 41-47.
Sung, Y. Y. and H. K. Kim (2018). "Crocin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms by down Regulation of Th2 Response via Blocking of NF-κB/STAT6 Signaling Pathways in Mice." Nutrients, 10(11).
Tan, S., K. Hadinoto, A. Ebrahimi and T. Langrish (2019). "Fabrication of novel casein gel with controlled release property via acidification, spray drying and tableting approach." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 177: 329-337.
Tsimidou, M. and C. G. Biliaderis (1997). "Kinetic Studies of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Quality Deterioration." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(8): 2890-2898.
Xu, J., Z. Fan, L. Duan and G. Gao (2018). "A tough, stretchable, and extensively sticky hydrogel driven by milk protein." Polymer Chemistry, 9(19): 2617-2624.
Yi, J., Y. Li, L. Yang and L.-M. Zhang (2019). "Kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of Cu2+ and methylene blue to casein hydrogels." Journal of Polymer Research, 26(9): 235.
Zeka, K., K. C. Ruparelia, C. Sansone, G. Macchiarelli, M. A. Continenza and R. R. Arroo (2018). "New hydrogels enriched with antioxidants from saffron crocus can find applications in wound treatment and/or beautification." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 31(2): 95-98.
Borhan-Mojabi, K., F. Mirmiran, M. Nassiri-Asl, P. Nazeman and H. Jahanihashemi (2014). "Therapeutic Effects of "Ibuprofen, Diphenhydramine and Aluminium MgS" on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran), 11(2): 167-171.
Edgar, N. R., D. Saleh and R. A. Miller (2017). "Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Review." The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 10(3): 26-36.
Elzoghby, A. O., W. S. El-Fotoh and N. A. Elgindy (2011). "Casein-based formulations as promising controlled release drug delivery systems." Journal of Controlled Release, 153(3): 206-216.
Esposito, E., M. Drechsler, N. Huang, G. Pavoni, R. Cortesi, D. Santonocito and C. Puglia (2016). "Ethosomes and organogels for cutaneous administration of crocin." Biomedical Microdevices, 18(6): 108.
Esposito, E., M. Drechsler, P. Mariani, A. M. Panico, V. Cardile, L. Crascì, F. Carducci, A. C. E. Graziano, R. Cortesi and C. Puglia (2017). "Nanostructured lipid dispersions for topical administration of crocin, a potent antioxidant from saffron (Crocus sativus L.)." Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 71: 669-677.
Eyigor, A., F. Bahadori, V. B. Yenigun and M. S. Eroglu (2018). "Beta-Glucan based temperature responsive hydrogels for 5-ASA delivery." Carbohydrate Polymers, 201: 454-463.
Fagot, D., D. M. Pham, J. Laboureau, E. Planel, L. Guerin, C. Nègre, M. Donovan and B. A. Bernard (2018). "Crocin, a natural molecule with potentially beneficial effects against skin ageing." International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 40(4): 388-400.
Ganji, F., S. Vasheghani Farahani and E. Vasheghani-Farahani (2010). "Theoretical Description of Hydrogel Swelling: A Review." Iranian Polymer Journal, 19: 375-398.
Ghica, M. V., M. Hîrjău, D. Lupuleasa and C. E. Dinu-Pîrvu (2016). "Flow and Thixotropic Parameters for Rheological Characterization of Hydrogels." Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(6).
Hafeez, S., A. Islam, N. Gull, A. Ali, S. M. Khan, S. Zia, K. Anwar, S. U. Khan and T. Jamil (2018). "γ-Irradiated chitosan based injectable hydrogels for controlled release of drug (Montelukast sodium)." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 114: 890-897.
Hanna, D. H., V. F. Lotfy, A. H. Basta and G. R. Saad (2020). "Comparative evaluation for controlling release of niacin from protein- and cellulose-chitosan based hydrogels." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150: 228-237.
Hoare, T. R. and D. S. Kohane (2008). "Hydrogels in drug delivery: Progress and challenges." Polymer, 49(8): 1993-2007.
Hu, X., W. Wei, X. Qi, H. Yu, L. Feng, J. Li, S. Wang, J. Zhang and W. Dong (2015). "Preparation and characterization of a novel pH-sensitive Salecan-g-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel for controlled release of doxorubicin." Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 3(13): 2685-2697.
Johnson, A., F. Kong, S. Miao, H.-T. V. Lin, S. Thomas, Y.-C. Huang and Z.-L. Kong (2020). "Therapeutic effects of antibiotics loaded cellulose nanofiber and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide composite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment." Scientific Reports, 10(1): 18037.
Kajthunyakarn, W., D. Sakloetsakun and T. Pongjanyakul (2018). "Sodium caseinate-magnesium aluminum silicate nanocomposite films for modified-release tablets." Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 92: 827-839.
Khodaverdi, E., S. Maftouhian, A. Aliabadi, M. Hassanzadeh, M. Fatemeh, B. Khameneh and F. Hadizadeh (2018). "Casein-based hydrogel carrying insulin: preparation, in vitro evaluation and in vivo assessment." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 49: 635-641.
Kocaman, G., E. Altinoz, M. E. Erdemli, M. Gul, Z. Erdemli, E. Zayman, H. G. G. Bag and T. Aydın (2021). "Crocin attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress-related periodontitis in cardiac tissues in rats." Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical Universityl, 30(5): 517-524.
Liu, W., Y. Sun, Z. Cheng, Y. Guo, P. Liu and Y. Wen (2018). "Crocin exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats." Pharmaceutical Biology, 56(1): 209-216.
Madhusudhan, S., D. Gowda, N. V. Gupta and A. R (2020). "An overview on topical drug delivery system – Updated review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11: 368-385.
Mahmoud, N. N., R. Hamed and E. A. Khalil (2020). "Colloidal stability and rheological properties of gold nanoparticle–loaded polymeric hydrogels: impact of nanoparticle’s shape, surface modification, and concentration." Colloid and Polymer Science, 298(8): 989-999.
Nascimento, L. G. L., F. Casanova, N. F. N. Silva, A. Teixeira and A. F. Carvalho (2020). "Casein-based hydrogels: A mini-review." Food Chemistry, 314: 126063.
Omidkhoda, S. F., B. M. Razavi, M. Imenshahidi, M. Rameshrad and H. Hosseinzadeh (2020). "Evaluation of possible effects of crocin against nitrate tolerance and endothelial dysfunction." Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 23(3): 303-310.
Picchio, M. L., J. C. Cuggino, G. Nagel, S. Wedepohl, R. J. Minari, C. I. Alvarez Igarzabal, L. M. Gugliotta and M. Calderón (2018). "Crosslinked casein-based micelles as a dually responsive drug delivery system." Polymer Chemistry, 9(25): 3499-3510.
Puglia, C., D. Santonocito, T. Musumeci, V. Cardile, A. C. E. Graziano, L. Salerno, G. Raciti, L. Crascì, A. M. Panico and G. Puglisi (2019). "Nanotechnological Approach to Increase the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Crocin and Crocetin." Planta Medica, 85(3): 258-265.
Purushothaman, B., M. Harsha, U. Palanisamy and M. Begum (2019). "Magnetic assisted curcumin drug delivery using folate receptor targeted hybrid casein-calcium ferrite nanocarrier." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 52.
Rahaiee, S., S. A. Shojaosadati, M. Hashemi, S. Moini and S. H. Razavi (2015). "Improvement of crocin stability by biodegradeble nanoparticles of chitosan-alginate." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 79: 423-432.
Rassu, G., A. Salis, E. P. Porcu, P. Giunchedi, M. Roldo and E. Gavini (2016). "Composite chitosan/alginate hydrogel for controlled release of deferoxamine: A system to potentially treat iron dysregulation diseases." Carbohydrate Polymers, 136: 1338-1347.
Sharma, S., S. Afgan, Deepak, A. Kumar and R. Kumar (2019). "l-Alanine induced thermally stable self-healing guar gum hydrogel as potential drug vehicle for sustained release of hydrophilic drug." Materials Science and Engineering: C, 99: 1384-1391.
Simão, A. R., V. H. Fragal, M. C. G. Pellá, F. P. Garcia, C. V. Nakamura, R. Silva, E. B. Tambourgi and A. F. Rubira (2020). "Drug polarity effect over the controlled release in casein and chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogels." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 158: 116-126.
Song, F., L. M. Zhang, J. F. Shi and N. N. Li (2010). "Novel casein hydrogels: formation, structure and controlled drug release." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 79(1): 142-148.
Song, F., L. M. Zhang, C. Yang and L. Yan (2009). "Genipin-crosslinked casein hydrogels for controlled drug delivery." International journal of pharmaceutics, 373(1-2): 41-47.
Sung, Y. Y. and H. K. Kim (2018). "Crocin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms by down Regulation of Th2 Response via Blocking of NF-κB/STAT6 Signaling Pathways in Mice." Nutrients, 10(11).
Tan, S., K. Hadinoto, A. Ebrahimi and T. Langrish (2019). "Fabrication of novel casein gel with controlled release property via acidification, spray drying and tableting approach." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 177: 329-337.
Tsimidou, M. and C. G. Biliaderis (1997). "Kinetic Studies of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Quality Deterioration." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(8): 2890-2898.
Xu, J., Z. Fan, L. Duan and G. Gao (2018). "A tough, stretchable, and extensively sticky hydrogel driven by milk protein." Polymer Chemistry, 9(19): 2617-2624.
Yi, J., Y. Li, L. Yang and L.-M. Zhang (2019). "Kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of Cu2+ and methylene blue to casein hydrogels." Journal of Polymer Research, 26(9): 235.
Zeka, K., K. C. Ruparelia, C. Sansone, G. Macchiarelli, M. A. Continenza and R. R. Arroo (2018). "New hydrogels enriched with antioxidants from saffron crocus can find applications in wound treatment and/or beautification." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 31(2): 95-98.
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