Lack of discernment and will when committing a crime and its effects; Comparative study of Islamic religions
Medical Figh,
Vol. 15 No. 45 (1402),
29 August 2023
,
Page 1-16
https://doi.org/10.22037/mfj.v15i45.44261
Abstract
Background and Aim: According to Article 149 of the Islamic Penal Code, the loss of discernment or will when committing a crime exempts the perpetrator from punishment; but in practice, it is not possible to be sure about this situation and to use this legal article.
Materials and Methods: This analytical-descriptive research aims to express the jurists of Islamic religions’ views about the effect of the lack of discernment and will at the time of committing a crime and the evidence to prove it.
Conclusion: The jurists of Islamic religions agree on the necessity of exempting a criminal who lacks discernment or will at the time of committing a crime. However, the definition of mental disorder in the Shafi'i and Maliki religions is very general and similar to the signs of permanent insanity. It is possible to prove the momentary deterioration of the intellect through Qassamah from the point of view of Hanafi and Hanbali religions. The authority of the Islamic ruler to punish is only limited to mild ta'zir and diya, and this is evident in the majority of jurists’ statements. At the same time, disciplinary and preventive aspects should be included in the subsequent punishments. From this point of view, the punishments of imprisonment in a mental hospital, the requirement of treatment, payment of ransom, and exile are the subject of consensus among all jurists. The Imamiyyah jurists did not mention the proofs of the momentary deterioration of the faculty of discernment and only considered the issue of permanent insanity. About the way to prove this situation, it is also necessary for the legislator to adopt a suitable procedure in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence in order to provide the possibility of using Article 149 of the Islamic Penal Code.
- The effect of the type of mental disorder on the determination of punishment in Islamic religions
How to Cite
References
*** Holy Quran.
Zirā ʿat, A. Jarāʿim ʿAlayh Ashkhāş. Tehran: Fikrsāzān. 2023(1385). 1:11. [In Persian]
ʿAbdullāhī, I. Masʾūlīyyat Kiyfarī Bidūn Taqşīr dar Niẓām Ḥuqūqī īrān Wa Ingilistān. Tehran: Mīzān. 2013(1393). 1:83. [In Persian]
Afrin, B. “Bipolar Disorders from the Perspective of Criminology”. Payam Noor University. 2009(1389). 1. [In Persian]
Qārī, MʿA. majaleh ahkam Shariah. 9th ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyyat. 2023(1359). 1:549. [In Arabic]
Khaleghi A, Rajab, MA. “Analysis of a Type of Criterion in the Psychological Element of the Crime of Intentional Homicide (Comparative Study)”. Criminal Law Journal. 2012(1391). 4 (1): 121-146. [In Persian]
Abbasi M, Gholami N. “Jurisprudential-Legal Analysis of the Execution of the Sentence Against the Condemned after Insanity”. scientific-research journal of medical jurisprudence. 2016(1395). 9 (30): 77-90. [In Persian]
Biglari, P. “Examining the Psychological Element of the International Crime of Genocide in Jurisprudence and Law, Comparative Research of Islamic and Western Laws”. Npn. 2016(1395). 4 (1): 1-30. [In Persian]
Saleh Abadi, M. “Investigating the Role of will in the Psychological Element of Crime”. the Third National Conference of Modern Researches in the Field of Humanities and Social Studies of Iran. 2016(1395). 1. [In Persian]
Imani, M. “Comparative Study of the Indicators of the Psychological Element of Crime in the Legal System of Iran and England”. Tabriz University. 2018 (1397). 1. [In Persian]
Shah Balkhi, R. “The Position of the Psychological Element of Intentional Crimes in the Criminal law of Afghanistan and Iran”. Jamia al-Mustafa al-Alamiya. 2019(1398). 1. [In Persian]
Ghiyathian A. “Jurisprudential Review of Bipolar Disorder in Psychiatry”. International Conference on Humanities and Behavioral Studies. Ide Pardaz Institute of Managers. 2013(1392). 1. [In Persian]
Ḥāʾirī Shāhbāgh, SA. Tafsīr Qānūn Mujāzāt Islāmī. Tehran: Majmaʿ Dhakhāyir Islāmī. 2010(1389). 1:74. [In Persian]
Khāṭirī, B. Farāyand Ijād Jurm. Tehran: Khursandī. 2011(1390). 1:54. [In Persian]
Zirāʿat, A. Sharḥ Mukhtaşar Qānūn Mujāzāt Islāmī Muşawwab 1392. Tehran: Quqnūs. 2013(1392). 1: 54. [In Persian]
Abdulahi, S. “Investigating the Psychological Element of Juvenile Crimes in the Crime of Murder”. Payam Noor University. 2013(1392). 1:84. [In Persian]
Soran, F. “Examining the Spiritual Element of Cyber Crimes”. Payam Noor University. 2023(1402). 11. [In Persian]
Azizi, M. “Analyzing and Examining the Psychological Element in Intentional Crimes with an Overview of Iranian Jurisprudence and Laws”. Islamic Azad University. 2017(1396). 93. [In Persian]
Sadeghi, A. “The psychological Element of Intentional Homicide in the Light of the New Islamic Penal Code”. Islamic Azad University. 2013(1392). 1. [In Persian]
Ḥurr ʿĀmulī, M. Wasāʾil al-Shiʿat. Qum: Āl al-Bayt. 1988(1409). 1:43 [In Arabic]
Ḥimawī, A. Naẓāʿir. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub. 1979(1400). 276. [In Arabic]
Şadr, S. Māwarāʾ al-Fiqh. Beirut: Dār al-ʾAḍwāʾ. 1999(1420). 1:432. [In Arabic]
Anşārī, Y. al-Maṭālib. Damascus: Dār al-Kitāb. 1996(1417). 2:431. [In Arabic]
Abū Isḥāq, J. al-Muhadhdhab. 3rd ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kabīr. 1995(1416). 1:38. [In Arabic]
ʿAbdih, M. Tafsīr al-Minār. 3rd ed. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1911(1330). 1:652. [In Arabic]
Dasūqī, M. Ḥāshīyyat al-Dasūqī ʿAlā Sharḥ al-Kabīr. 11th ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kitāb. 1992(1413). 3:428. [In Arabic]
al-Adawī, AḤ. Ḥāshīyyat al-Kifāyat. 11th ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kitāb. 1994(1415). 3:342. [In Arabic]
Mudūd, A. Wişāl Muşūl. Qum: Islāmīyyat. 1980(1401). 252. [In Arabic]
Damad Effendi, M. Majmaʿ al-Nahār. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1668(1079).1: 122. [In Arabic]
Nawawī, Z. al-Muhadhdhab. 4th ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kutub. 1987(1408). 5:108. [In Arabic]
Ṭūsī, M. Tamhīd al-Uşūl. Tehran: Falsafih wa Ḥikmat Iran. 1979(1358). 1:104. [In Persian]
Sharanbilālī Ḥ, Marāqī F. Ḥāshīyyat al-Taḥṭāwī. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 2019(1398). 1:123. [In Arabic]
Balkhī, L. al-Fatāwī. 13th ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub. 1979(1400). 5:136. [In Arabic]
Ibn Nujaym, Z. al-Baḥr al-Rāʾiq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʾiq. Damascus: Şāliḥīn. 1991(1412). 2:210. [In Arabic]
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, MA. Ḥāshīyat Radd al-Muḥtār ʿAlā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. 4th ed. Damascus: Şāliḥīn. 1991(1412). 2:236. [In Arabic]
Azharī, Ş. Jawāhir al-ʾAklīl. Damascus: Dār al-Kutub. 1984(1405). 1:172. [In Arabic]
Ibn Ḥanbal, A. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal. 10th ed. Baghdad: Dār al-Salamīyyah. 1995(1415). 1:541. [In Arabic]
Shirbīnī, M. Şādiqīyyah. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam. 1990(1411). 1:366. [In Arabic]
Ibn Quddāmat, ʿA. al-Mughnī. 7th ed. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1990(1411).1:435. [In Arabic]
Ibn Humām, K. Fatḥ al-Qadīr. 3rd ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kitāb. 1986(1407). 1:101. [In Arabic]
Ibn Ḥajar, AR. Fatḥ al-Bārī. Damascus: Dār al-Kutub. 1988(1409). 3:214. [In Arabic]
Ibn Taymīyyat, A. Muḥarrar. 17th ed. Amman: Qīyās. 1988(1409). 2:123. [In Arabic]
al-Nafrāwī, SA. al-Fawākih al-Ddawānī. 7th ed. Cairo: Dār al-Islāmīyyat.1993 (1413). 1:363. [In Arabic]
Māwardī, A. al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr Fī Fiqh Madhhab al-Imām Shāfiʿī. 11th ed. Damascus: Dār al-Kutub. 1997(1417). 3:127. [In Arabic]
Buhūtī, M. Kashshāf al-Qināʿ ʿAn Matn al-ʾIqnāʾ. 12th ed. Amaan: Qīyās. 1641(1051). 2:324. [In Arabic]
Sarakhsī, M. al-Mabsūṭ. 3rd ed. Qum: Dār al-Qalam. 2013(1434). 2:217. [In Arabic]
Doshaei, N. “The extent of criminal liability in patients with bipolar disorder in Iran and England”. Payam Noor University. 2018(1398). 1. [In Persian]
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, MA. Ḥāshīyat Radd al-Muḥtār ʿAlā al-Durr al-Mukhtār. 4th ed. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1677(1088). 2:263. [In Arabic]
Ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, M. Tafsīr. 16th ed. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1985(1406). 2:237. [In Arabic]
Mawwāq Mālikī, M. Mawāhib. 16th ed. Cairo: Dār al- Azhar. 1986(1407). 409. [In Arabic]
Najdī, ʿU. Hidāyat al-Rāghib. 8th ed. Muscat: Dār al-Salām. 1685(1097). 2:245. [In Arabic]
- Abstract Viewed: 1279 times
- pdf (فارسی) Downloaded: 137 times