بررسی فقهی حقوقی اهدای اعضای نوزادان آنانسفال اهدای عضو
مجله علمی - پژوهشی فقه پزشکی,
دوره 12 شماره 42 (1399),
23 October 2020
,
صفحه 1-18
https://doi.org/10.22037/mfj.v12i42.31857
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: پیوند اعضاء یکی از دستاوردهای علم پزشکی است که پس از فتح قلههای آن نوبت به بررسی چالشهای جدید، نظیر دستیابی به منابع جدید برای رفع کمبود اعضا بالاخص برای کودکان رسید. پس از به اجماع رسیدن دانشمندان در مورد پیوند اعضای غیر حیاتی و پیوند اعضای مبتلایان به مرگ مغزی، پیشنهاد جدیدی در دنیای پزشکی مبنی بر استفاده از نوزادان آنانسفال به عنوان منبع جدیدی برای پیوند ارائه گردید. آنانسفالی یکی از ناهنجاریهای جنینی است که بر اثر نقص بسته شدن لولة عصبی در ناحیة سر جنین ایجاد میشود. مبتلایان به این اختلال اغلب قبل از تولد میمیرند و نوزادانی هم که زنده متولد میشوند فاقد هوشیاری هستند و در چند ساعت اول پس از تولد، میمیرند. در این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به این سؤال هستیم که آیا اهدای اعضای چنین نوزادانی با مبانی فقهی و حقوقی جامعه ما سازگار است یا خیر.
مواد و روشها: در نگارش مقاله حاضر، با استفاده از روش توصیفی - تحلیلی، پس از بیان ادله موافقین این نظریه، به واکاوی آن بر اساس متون فقهی - حقوقی پرداخته میشود.
یافتهها: هرچند برخی از اندیشمندان غربی، از طریق استدلال به ادلهای نظیر شباهت این بیماران به مرگ مغزی و وجود اعلام رضایت والدین، موافق این نظریه هستند، لیکن به هریک از این دلایل ایراداتی وارد است که منجر به رد نظریه فوق میشود. پس از تبیین دلایل موافقین و نقد آن، به ارائه پیشنهادی جایگزین که موافق با مبانی فقهی و اخلاقی جامعه باشد، پرداخته میشود. مطابق این پیشنهاد، با وجود اذن والدین، نباید درخصوص اهدای اعضای غیر رئیسه نوزادان مبتلا به آنانسفالی محدودیتی وجود داشته باشد.
- آنانسفالی؛ پیوند اعضاء؛ اعضای غیر حیاتی؛ مرگ مغزی.
ارجاع به مقاله
مراجع
Bahadori M, Shakoor A. Langman's Medical Embryology. (Translation). Sadler TW. Tehran: Chehr Publications; 1991. p. 445. [Persian]
Fazel A, Habibi H, Foroughi M. Human Fetal Development. (Translation). Moore KL. Tehran: Bibliographic Institute; 1992. p. 432. [Persian]
Anencephaly. Available at: in.gov/isdh/files/ anencephaly. pdf. Accessed March 19, 2020.
Saheb SH, Shepur MP, Desai SD, Thomas ST, Haseena S. Anencephaly. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012; 4(3): 1755-57.
Obeidi N, Russell N, Higgins JR, O’donoghue K. The Natural History of Anencephaly. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30(4): 357-360.
Moor L. Anencephaly. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. 2010; 26(6): 286-289.
Botto LD, Moore CA, Khoury MJ, Erickson JD. Neural-Tube Defects. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(20): 1509-1519.
Eslavath A, Diddi R, Valabhaneni K. Anencephaly: A 3 Years Study. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2013; 12(2): 12-15.
Jones KL, Jones MC, Campo MD. Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. p. 704.
Eshtiaghi R, Baligh N, Arzaqoli Beigi KH. Atlas of Congenital Anomalies in Children. (Translation). Goodman RM, Gorlin RG. Tehran: Futurists Publication; 1990. p. 40. [Persian]
Isada N B, Qureshi F, Jacques S M, Holzgreve W, Tout M J, Johnson M P, M I Evans M I. Meroanencephaly: Pathology and Prenatal Diagnosis. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 1993; 8 (6): 423-8.
Alam Khan I, Firdaus U, Ali SM, Asghar I. Newborn with Meroanencephaly: Surviving All Odds. J Pediatr Neurosci 2016;11(3): 228-229.
Murlimanju N, Vishal K, Maligi AM, Naveen NS. Craniorachischisis totalis. Journal of Neurosci Rural Pract 2010; 1(1): 54-55.
Loncarek K, Mustac E, Frkovic A, Prodan M. Prevalence of Anencephaly in the Region of Rijeka, Croatia. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17(3): 241-244.
Anencephaly. Available at: https://www. fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetalsyndromes/anencephaly/ Accessed March 15, 2020.
Shaffer L, Marazita M, Bodurtha J, Newlin A, Nance W. Evidence for a Major Gene in Familial Anencephaly. Am J Med Genet 1990; 36(1): 97-101.
Mohseni Meibodi A, Mansouri Z, Zarei Moradi SH, Haratian K. Emery's elements of medical genetics. (Translation). Turnpenny PD, Ellard S. Tehran: Human Center for Medical Science Publishing; 2013. p. 447. [Persian]
Eftekhar T, Ghanbari Z, Haghollai F. Neural tube defect in alive neonates: incidence rate and predisposing factors. Tehran University Medical Journal 2008; 66(3): 191-195. [Persian]
Kondo A, Kamihira O, Ozawa H. Neural tube defects: prevalence, etiology and prevention. Int J Urol 2009; 16(1):49-57.
Joó JG, Beke A, Papp C, Tóth-Pál E. Neural tube defects in the sample of genetic counselling. Prenat. Diagn 2007; 27 (10): 912-21.
Cedergren M, Selbing A. Detection of fetal structural abnormalities by an 11-14-week ultrasound dating scan in an unselected Swedish population. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2006; 85 (8): 912-5.
Cunningham PC. Anencephalic Babies Are Now “Wanted”-for Their Organs. Solvo 2016; 37: 14-18.
Brierley J. Current Status of Potential Organ Donation in Cases of Lethal Fetal Anomaly. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2013; 15: 184-8.
Razavi MH. Figh al-Tib (Lectures by Sheikh Mohammad Sanad). Qom: Fadak Library; 2010. p. 67. [Arabic]
Javaheri H. Bohoos fi al-Figh al-Moaser. Beirut: Dar al-Zakhaer; n.d. vol.2 p. 373, 350. [Arabic]
Mohseni MA. Jurisprudence and Medical Issues. Qom: Iran; n.d. p. 185. [Persian]
Asghari Agh Mashhadi F, Kazemi Afshar H. How Human Relates to his Body Organs from the Perspective of Jurisprudence and Law. Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence Studies 2010; 1(1): 33-45. [Persian]
Mohaghegh Damad SM. Crime on body parts from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and law. Medical Figh 2011: 3(6-5): 11-34. [Persian]
Larijani B. A Comprehensive Approach to Organ Transplantation. n.p: Special Diseases Foundation; 1999. p. 260. [Persian]
Mo'men Qomi M. Organ Transplantation. Ahl al-Beit Jurisprudence Quarterly 2003; 9(34): 24-36. [Persian]
A group of authors. Journal of the Jurisprudence of the Ahl al-Beit. Qom: Institute of Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence on the Religion of the Ahl al-Beiyt; n.d. vol. 31 p. 22. [Persian]
Khoei A. Tozih al-Masael. n.p: Rastegar; n.d. p. 625. [Persian]
Sistany A. Tozih al-Masael. Annexes (19): Rules of Transplantation. p. 582. Available at: https://www. sistani.org/persian/book/50/3730/ [Persian]
Alsharif MM, Mirshekari MH, Jalili M. Legality and Contractual Nature of Organ Transfer from a Living Human. Medical Law J 2014; 8(31):149-190. [Persian]
Mousavi Bojnourdi M, Nabi Lou Sh. Jurisprudential and Legal Study of Brain Death. Jurisprudence and Principles 2010; 13: 29-42. [Persian]
Mirhashemi S. Transplantation of patients with brain death. Jurisprudence and Family Law 2007; 46-45: 114-139. [Persian]
Makarem Shirazi N. Medical Ruling. Qom: Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb School; 2008. p. 113. [Persian]
Nouri Hamadani H. One Thousand and One Jurisprudence Issues (Estefta'at Collection). Qom: The Promised Mahdi; 2005. vol.1 p. 283-284, 297-300. [Persian]
Masjed Sarayi H, Nazari A. Basics of Sentence of Life and Death in the Phenomenon of Brain Death from the Perspective of Jurisprudence of Islamic Religions. Fiqhe Moqaran 2017; 10: 55-83. [Persian]
Asefi MM. Organs Transplant of Brain Deads. Figh- e- Ahl-e-Bait 2002: 31: 3-44. [Persian]
Amini J,Taheri MA, Saffary A, Abbasi M. The Legitimacy of Cessation of Supportive Measures in Patients with Brain Death in Sunni Jurisprudence. Medical Figh 2019: 10(35-34): 7-27. [Persian]
Mohseni MA. Al-Fiqh and Paranormal Issues. Qom: Book Garden; 2005. vol. 2 p. 158-159. [Persian]
Hatami AA, Mas'udi N. The Legal Consequences of Brain Death. Legal Studies 2010; 2: 61-83. [Persian]
Zetaari A, Zargarian T. Intensive Care and the Opinion of Jurists and Practitioners about the Truth Death. Medical Figh 2016; 7(25-24): 11-36. [Persian]
Abbasi M, Calhornia Golkar M. Brain Death; Neither Certain Death nor Life; A Special Situation in the Light of New Biomedical Technologies. Medical Law 2013; 24: 47-64. [Persian]
Byrne p. Use of Anencephalic Newborns as Organ Donors. Paediatr Child Health 2005; 10(6): 335-337.
AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Anencephalic Infants as Organ Donors (Resolutions 100 and 151, A-88). Unpublished meeting proceedings. AMA Interim Meeting. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1988.
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. Anencephalic neonates as organ donors. JAMA. 1995; 273(20): 1614-1618.
Lagay F. Considering Organ Donation by Anencephalic Neonates. Virtual Mentor 2004; 6(8): 364-367.
Kolata G. Donating Organs of Anencephalic Babies Is Backed. 1995. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/24/us/donating-organs-of-anencephalic-babies-is-backed.html
Glasson J, Plows CW, Clarke OW, Cosgriff JH, Kliger CH, Ruff VN, et al. The Use of Anencephalic Neonates as Organ Donors. JAMA 1995; 273(20): 1614-8.
Mohammadi Hamdani A. Organs Transplantation and Related Estefta'at of Ten Jurisprudential Legal Theses on New Issues, 1st ed. Tehran: Jungle Publications; 2008. p. 356. [Persian]
Goudarzi F, Kiyani M. Forensic Medicine. Tehran: SAMT; 2014. p. 83. [Persian]
Bard JS. The diagnosis is anencephaly and the parents ask about organ donation: Now what? A guide for hospital counsel and ethics committees. Western New England Law Review 1999; 21(1): 49–95.
UK Donation Ethics Committee. Guidance for Organ Donation from Infants with Anencephaly. 2016: 1-11. Available at: http://aomrc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Organ_Donation_-infants_ anencephaly_020316-2.pdf
https:// www.fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetal-syndromes/anencephaly/
Powers RJ, Schultz D, Jackson S. Anencephalic organ Donation after Cardiac Death: A Case Report Commentary on practicalities and Ethics. Journal of Perinatology 2015; 35: 785-787.
Smith DR. Legal Recognition of Neocortical Death. Cornel Law Review 1986; 71(4): 850-888.
Beresford H.R. Ethics in Neuroscience: Mind Over Matter. Indiana University Foundation. Bloomington IN1996: 7-11.
Meinke SA. Anencephalic Infants as Potential Organ Sources: Ethical and Legal Issues. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature the Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics. SCOPE NOTE 1989; 12: 1-11.
Ashwal S, Bailey LL, Larson D, Peabody JL, Sakala EP, Swarner OW, et al. 1988. Considerations of Anencephalic Infants as Organ Donors. Biolaw 1987; 2: 763-69.
Yazdi MK. Orvat al-Wothqa. n.p: n.pn; 2003. vol.6 p. 413. [Arabic]
Bahr al-Olum SM. Balqat al-Fighhiyye. Tehran: Maktab al-Sadiq; 1983. vol.3 p. 210. [Arabic]
Katuzian N. Introductory Course in Family Civil Law. Tehran: Yalda Publishing Institute; 1996. p. 402. [Persian]
Moˈmen Qomi M. Strong Words. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute for the Assembly of Teachers in Qom; 1995. p. 172. [Arabic]
Moghniyeh MJ. Jurisprudence on the Five Religions. Beirut: Dar Al-Tiar Al-Jadid - Dar Al-Jawad; 2001. vol. 2 p. 642. [Arabic]
Mohseni Meibodi A, Mansouri Z, Zarei Moradi SH, Haratian K. Emery's elements of medical genetics. (Translation). Turnpenny PD, Ellard S. Tehran: Human Center for Medical Science Publishing; 2013. p. 447. [Persian]
Ferhaan A. Anencephalic Infants as Organ Donors: Beware the Slippery Slope. CMAJ 1992; 146 (2): 236-244.
Harrison MR. Organ Procurement for Children: the Anencephalic Fetus as Donor. Lancet 1986; 2: 1383-85.
Cefalo RC, Engelhardt HT. The Use of Fetal and Anencephalic Tissue for Transplantation. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1989; 14: 25-43.
Zaner RM. Anencephalics as Organ Donors. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1989; 14: 61-78.
Churchill LR, Pikus L.B. The Use of Anencephalic Organs: Historical and Ethical Dimensions. The Milbank Quarterly 1990; 68(2): 147-169.
Rasekh M. Rights and Interests: Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy of rights and values. Tehran: Tarh-e-no; 2002. p. 254. [Persian]
Islami H. Ethicl Approaches to Abortion. Reserches of the interdisciplinary seminar on abortion. Tehran: SAMT; 2007. [Persian]
Mahadevan B, Bhat BV. Neural Tube Defects in Pondicherry. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72(7): 557-559.
Tan KBL, Tan SH, Tan KH, Yeo GSH. Anencephaly in Singapor. Med J 2007; 48(1): 12-15.
Wyszynski DF. Neural Tube Defects: From Origin to Treatment. Oxford University Press; 2005. pp.125-126.
Zhang Z, Chang H, Li Y, Zhang T, Zou J, Zheng X, Wu J. MicroRNAs: Potential Regulators Involved in Human Anencephaly. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2010; 42(2): 367-374.
Golalipour MJ, Najafi L, Keshtkar AA. Prevalence of Anencephaly in Gorgan, Northern Iran. Arch Iran Med 2010; 13(1): 34-37. [Persian]
Mai CT, Isenburg JL, Canfield MA, Meyer RE, Correa A, Alverson CJ, et al. National Population-based Estimates for Major Birth Defects 2010-2014. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111(18):1420-1435.
Melnick M, Myrianthopoulos N C, Christian J C. The Effects of Chorion Type on Variation in IQ in the NCPP Twin Population. Am J Hum Genet 1978; 30(4): 425-433.
Timson J. The Sex Ratio in Anencephaly. Genetica 1970; 41(3): 457-65.
Emami Khansari M. Al-Hashia al-saniya ala al-makaseb. Qom: Iran; n. d. p. 281. [Arabic]
- چکیده مشاهده شده: 238 بار
- pdf دانلود شده: 14 بار