Preliminary Phytochemical, Physicochemical, and Comparative Antibacterial Evaluation of Methanolic Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Stem against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris
International Pharmacy Acta,
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023),
1 January 2023
,
Page e10: 1-7
https://doi.org/10.22037/ipa.v6i1.38371
Abstract
Herbal medicine, as defined by WHO, is finished labeled medicinal products that contain active ingredients of plants, whether in the crude state or as plant preparation. Ocimum gratissimum has been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of illness such as stomach disorders, fever, and cough. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical, physiochemical, and comparative antibacterial activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts of Ocimum gratissimum stems against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Proteus vulgaris. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. Physicochemical analysis was carried out, including moisture content, extractive values, and ash values. Biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, indole, and fermentation were carried out to identify the organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the susceptibility of the organisms to the various concentrations of the two extracts were determined using the agar well diffusion technique. Phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, saponin, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. The physicochemical evaluation results confirm the quality of the crude drugs as the results obtained fall within standard ranges for the different parameters used for crude drug standardization. Susceptibility test results revealed the zones of inhibition of methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum stem against MRSA according to the various concentrations as (19.20, 17.33, 14.66, 14.33, 13.6, and 12.33) with MIC at 25 mg/ml while against P. vulgaris as (16.6, 16.6, 14.30, 13.6, 13 and 12.6) with MIC at 12.5 mg/ml. This study has clearly shown that the methanol extract of the stem of Ocimum gratissimum has a moderate degree of inhibition on both MRSA and P. vulgaris. However, this crude drug is seen to be slightly more effective against MRSA in comparison to its antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris. Further investigations should be conducted to develop newer and more effective drugs for in vivo and in vitro use.
- Bacteria
- Inhibition
- Physicochemical
- Standardization
- Susceptibility
- Phytoconstituents
- 2023-11-21 (2)
- 2023-11-21 (1)
How to Cite
References
Sayin HU. The Consumption of Psychoactive Plants During Religious Rituals: The Roots of Common Symbols and Figures in Religions and Myths. NeuroQuantology, 2014; 12 (2): 276-296.
Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W. Novel psychoactive substances. 2013; Pp 345-362.
Ahn, K. The worldwide trend of using botanical drugs and strategies for developing global drugs. BMB Reports. 2017; 50 (3): 111–116.
Field, CB, Behrenfeld, M J, Randerson, JT. Primary Productivity of the Biosphere, Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components. Science, 1998; 281, 237-240.
Kim J, Chung HK, Chae C. Association of porcine circovirus 2 with porcine respiratory disease complex. The Veterinary Journal. 2003 Nov 1;166(3):251-6.
Adebolu TT, Oladimeji SA. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum on selected diarrhoea causing bacteria in southwestern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005 Aug 19;4(7):682-4.
Eswar R, Sekhar M, Bhattacharya BK. Disaggregation of LST over India: comparative analysis of different vegetation indices. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2016 Mar 3;37(5):1035-54.
Mallikarjun S, Rao A, Rajesh G, Shenoy R, Pai M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016 Mar;20(2):145.
Dhivya R, Manimegalai K. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS profiling of ethanolic flower extract of Calotropis gigantea Linn. (Apocynaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013 Sep 1;2(3):28-32.
Evans, WC. “Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy” (14th Ed) 1996 p105-108, 545-578. WB Saunders Company Ltd. London
Magaldi S, Mata-Essayag S, Hartung de Capriles C, Perez C, Colella MT, Olaizola C, Ontiveros Y. Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. Int. j.infect.Dis., 2004; 1(8): 39-45.
Valgas C, De Souza SM, Smania EFA, Smânia JA. Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Braz. J. Microbiol., 2007; 38:pp. 369-380.
Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock, R. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc. 2008; 3, 163-175.
De Sousa Barros A, de Morais S.M, Ferreira PAT, Vieira ÍGP, Craveiro AA, de Santos Fontenelle RO, de Menezes JESA, et al. Chemical composition and functional properties of essential oils from Mentha species. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015;76:557–564.
Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B, Götherström C, Hassan M, Uzunel M, Ringdén O. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. The Lancet. 2004 May 1;363(9419):1439-41.
Sukal AC, Kidanemariam DB, Dale JL, Harding RM, James AP. Characterization and genetic diversity of dioscorea bacciliform viruses present in pacific yam germplasm collection. Plant pathology. 2019 December 69(3): 576-584.
Theisen LL, Erdelmeier CAJ, Spoden GA, Boukhallouk F, Sausy A, Florin L, Muller, CP. Tannins from Hamamelis virgniana bark extract: Characterization and Improvement of the antiviral efficacy against influenza a virus and human papillomavirus. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e88062.
- Abstract Viewed: 67 times
- IPA-2023-Vol6-e10-38371 Downloaded: 28 times