The gut-brain axis affecting TLR4 in Parkinson’s diseases Gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease
International Pharmacy Acta,
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2022),
19 June 2022
,
Page e2:1-8
https://doi.org/10.22037/ipa.v5i1.38226
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative illness, which is increasing in developing countries and creating a burden on these economies. Multiple motor and non-motor symptoms have been connected to PD, and patients are diagnosed using clinical observations. Unfortunately, clinical symptoms are found in the late stages of the disease, when preventing is no longer an option. The gastrointestinal system, and more specifically the gut microbiota have an important role in the bidirectional communication taking place between the gut and brain. As a result, the gut microbiota dysbiosis and its effect on the brain-gut axis are among important factors to be considered in PD pathology. In addition, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in recognizing pathogenic molecules and creating immune responses can affect PD pathogenesis. In this review, we have tried to better understand the effect of TLR4 on the gut microbiota and their dysbiosis, creating a bidirectional feedback loop. Even though the effect of blocking TLR4 signaling on PD is still not well known, it affects PD, and brings hope of using microbial based medications to control this chronic neurodegenerative disease.
- Parkinson’s disease
- Toll-like receptors
- TLR4
- gut dysbiosis
- non-motor symptoms
- gastrointestinal dysfunction
- alpha-synuclein
How to Cite
References
Gorecki, A.M., et al., The gut-brain axis and gut inflammation in Parkinson’s disease: stopping neurodegeneration at the toll gate. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2020. 24(7): p. 601-604.
Obeso, J., et al., Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy. Movement disorders, 2017. 32(9): p. 1264-1310.
Dorsey, E.a., et al., Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology, 2007. 68(5): p. 384-386.
Sameer, A.S. and S. Nissar, Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs): Structure, Functions, Signaling, and Role of Their Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility. BioMed Research International, 2021. 2021.
Castillo-Álvarez, F. and M. Marzo-Sola, Role of the gut microbiota in the development of various neurological diseases. Neurología (English Edition), 2021.
Perez-Pardo, P., et al., Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson’s disease: a translational study from men to mice. Gut, 2019. 68(5): p. 829-843.
Keshavarzian, A., et al., Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. Movement disorders, 2015. 30(10): p. 1351-1360.
Chaudhuri, K.R. and A.H. Schapira, Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 2009. 8(5): p. 464-474.
Bellou, V., et al., Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2016. 23: p. 1-9.
Dehay, B. and E. Bezard, New animal models of Parkinson's disease. Movement disorders, 2011. 26(7): p. 1198-1205.
Holmqvist, S., et al., Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats. Acta neuropathologica, 2014. 128(6): p. 805-820.
Behzadi, P., H.A. García-Perdomo, and T.M. Karpiński, Toll-like receptors: general molecular and structural biology. Journal of Immunology Research, 2021. 2021.
Caputi, V. and M.C. Giron, Microbiome-gut-brain axis and toll-like receptors in Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018. 19(6): p. 1689.
Bell, J.K., et al., Leucine-rich repeats and pathogen recognition in Toll-like receptors. Trends in immunology, 2003. 24(10): p. 528-533.
Krogh, K., Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease, 2011: p. 193.
Dogra, N., R.J. Mani, and D.P. Katare, The gut-brain axis: Two ways signaling in Parkinson’s disease. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 2021: p. 1-18.
Simon, D.K., C.M. Tanner, and P. Brundin, Parkinson disease epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and pathophysiology. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 2020. 36(1): p. 1-12.
Goldman, S.M., et al., Concordance for Parkinson's disease in twins: a 20‐year update. Annals of Neurology, 2019. 85(4): p. 600-605.
Furlong, M., et al., Protective glove use and hygiene habits modify the associations of specific pesticides with Parkinson's disease. Environment international, 2015. 75: p. 144-150.
Milenkovic, D., B. Jude, and C. Morand, miRNA as molecular target of polyphenols underlying their biological effects. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2013. 64: p. 40-51.
Houlden, H. and A.B. Singleton, The genetics and neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease. Acta neuropathologica, 2012. 124(3): p. 325-338.
Balestrino, R. and A. Schapira, Parkinson disease. European journal of neurology, 2020. 27(1): p. 27-42.
Breen, D.P., G.M. Halliday, and A.E. Lang, Gut–brain axis and the spread of α‐synuclein pathology: vagal highway or dead end? Movement disorders, 2019. 34(3): p. 307-316.
Mulak, A. and B. Bonaz, Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 2015. 21(37): p. 10609.
Travagli, R.A., K.N. Browning, and M. Camilleri, Parkinson disease and the gut: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2020. 17(11): p. 673-685.
Forsyth, C.B., et al., Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson's disease. PLoS One, 2011. 6(12): p. e28032.
Kenna, J. and R.S. Anderton, The role of the gastrointestinal system and gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease, in Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet in Parkinson's Disease2020, Elsevier. p. 569-582.
Yiu, J.H., B. Dorweiler, and C.W. Woo, Interaction between gut microbiota and toll-like receptor: from immunity to metabolism. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2017. 95(1): p. 13-20.
Zhong, Z., et al., Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Exerts a Protective Role in MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease via the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway Stimulated by α-Synuclein. Neurochemical Research, 2021. 46(11): p. 3050-3058.
Braak, H. and K. Del Tredici, Invited Article: Nervous system pathology in sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2008. 70(20): p. 1916-1925.
Drouin-Ouellet, J. and F. Cicchetti, Inflammation and neurodegeneration: the story ‘retolled’. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2012. 33(10): p. 542-551.
Sun, M.-F., et al., Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLR4/TNF-α signaling pathway. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2018. 70: p. 48-60.
Tan, A.H., et al., Probiotics for Parkinson's disease: Current evidence and future directions. JGH Open, 2021. 5(4): p. 414-419.
Wang, J.X.K. and N. Tang, PCK1 dysregulation in cancer: Metabolic reprogramming, oncogenic activation, and therapeutic opportunities. Genes & Diseases, 2022.
Bharucha, A.E. and B.E. Lacy, Mechanisms, evaluation, and management of chronic constipation. Gastroenterology, 2020. 158(5): p. 1232-1249. e3.
- Abstract Viewed: 1065 times
- IPA-2022-Vol5-e2 Downloaded: 4388 times