An Overview of Symptoms and Treatments of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Archives of Advances in Biosciences,
Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024),
24 January 2024
,
Page 1-12
https://doi.org/10.22037/aab.v15i1.44169
Abstract
Context: The investigation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is paramount in comprehending the fundamental causes, symptoms, and potential therapeutic approaches for this incapacitating psychological condition. OCD is characterized by intrusive thoughts or obsessions, as well as repetitive behaviors or compulsions, which hinder daily functioning and may impact sleep patterns. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of OCD can aid healthcare professionals in devising more efficacious treatment modalities and interventions for individuals afflicted by this disorder. Research on this mental illness can also help diminish the stigma surrounding mental health disorders and promote awareness regarding the importance of seeking assistance for those grappling with OCD. Additionally, research on OCD is imperative for advancing our understanding of the brain and mental health in a broader sense. Such investigations could yield groundbreaking discoveries that might ultimately enhance the overall quality of life for individuals suffering from OCD and other related mental health issues.
Evidence Acquisition: Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), alone or in a combined approach, are considered to be the most effective methods for treating OCD. In addition, Neurofeedback has also represented promise as a treatment for OCD. The difficulties that people with OCD encounter on a daily basis, including the effects on their relationships, career, and emotional well-being, will be covered in this article.
Results: Therefore, in this review, we intend to discuss most popular and efficient OCD treatments, including CBT, SSRIs, and neurofeedback. The pros and cons of these treatments will be covered.
Conclusion: Despite extensive studies, the use of neuroimaging and electroencephalogram (EEG) comparisons in understanding and treating OCD is not well investigated. EEG studies have yielded promising results in identifying neural patterns associated with OCD and determining the efficacy of different treatment approaches.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Neurotic disorder
- Neurofeedback
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
How to Cite
References
Omejc N, Rojc B, Battaglini PP, Marusic U. Review of the therapeutic neurofeedback method using electroencephalography: EEG Neurofeedback. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2019;19(3):213. [DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3785] [PMID] [PMCID]
Shavitt RG, van den Heuvel OA, Lochner C, Reddy YJ, Miguel EC, Simpson HB. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across the lifespan: Current diagnostic challenges and the search for personalized treatment. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:927184. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.927184]
Murayama K, Nakao T, Ohno A, Tsuruta S, Tomiyama H, Hasuzawa S, et al. Impacts of stressful life events and traumatic experiences on onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:561266. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561266] [PMID] [PMCID]
Roohi-Azizi M, Azimi L, Heysieattalab S, Aamidfar M. Changes of the brain’s bioelectrical activity in cognition, consciousness, and some mental disorders. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31:53. [DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.53] [PMID] [PMCID]
Saraiva LC, Cappi C, Simpson HB, Stein DJ, Viswanath B, van den Heuvel OA, et al. Cutting-edge genetics in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Fac Rev. 2020;9:30. [DOI: 10.12703/r/9-30] [PMID] [PMCID]
Rosa-Alcázar Á, García-Hernández MD, Parada-Navas JL, Olivares-Olivares PJ, Martínez-Murillo S, Rosa-Alcázar AI. Coping strategies in obsessive-compulsive patients during Covid-19 lockdown. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21(2):100223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100223] [PMID] [PMCID]
Soffer-Dudek N. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative experiences: Suggested underlying mechanisms and implications for science and practice. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1132800. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1132800] [PMID] [PMCID]
Kohler KC, Coetzee BJs, Lochner C. Living with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a South African narrative. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2018;12(1):1-11. [DOI: 10.1186/s13033-018-0253-8]
Singh A, Anjankar VP, Sapkale B. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis, Comorbidities, and Treatment Approaches. Cureus. 2023;15(11). [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48960]
Gragnani A, Zaccari V, Femia G, Pellegrini V, Tenore K, Fadda S, et al. Cognitive–behavioral treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: The results of a naturalistic outcomes study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2762. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102762] [PMID] [PMCID]
Zaboski BA, Stern EF, Skosnik PD, Pittenger C. Electroencephalographic correlates and predictors of treatment outcome in OCD: a brief narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;12:703398. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703398] [PMID] [PMCID]
Foa EB. Cognitive behavioral therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(2):199-207. [DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/efoa] [PMID] [PMCID]
Pittenger C. Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies and New Targets in OCD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;49:331-84. [DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_204] [PMID] [PMCID]
Del Casale A, Sorice S, Padovano A, Simmaco M, Ferracuti S, Lamis DA, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(8):710-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1570159X16666180813155017] [PMID]
Van der Straten A, Denys D, Van Wingen G. Impact of treatment on resting cerebral blood flow and metabolism in obsessive compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Scientific reports. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17464. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17593-7] [PMID] [PMCID]
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, serotonin. StatPearls: StatPearls Publishing. 2022.
Khalifeh S, Pour MS, Ghermezian A, Behvarmanesh A, Moghtadaei M, Ashabi G, et al. Introduction to neurocircuitry and neurobiology of anxiety. Archives of Advances in Biosciences. 2021;12(1):45-51. [DOI: 10.22037/aab.v12i1.25279]
Stein DJ, Costa DL, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):52. [DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ferreira S, Pego JM, Morgado P. The efficacy of biofeedback approaches for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2019;272:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.096] [PMID]
Zafarmand M, Farahmand Z, Otared N. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on effectiveness of neurofeedback for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurocase. 2022;28(1):29-36. [DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.2019790] [PMID]
Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M. Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143. [DOI: 10.15412/J.BCN.03070208] [PMID] [PMCID]
Yazdi-Ravandi S, Arezooji DM, Matinnia N, Shamsaei F, Ahmadpanah M, Ghaleiha A, Khosrowabadi R. Complexity of information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder based on fractal analysis of EEG signal. EXCLI journal. 2021;20:642. [DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2783] [PMID] [PMCID]
Perera MPN, Mallawaarachchi S, Bailey NW, Murphy OW, Fitzgerald PB. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with increased electroencephalographic (EEG) delta and theta oscillatory power but reduced delta connectivity. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;163:310-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.026] [PMID]
Ghermezian A, Nami M, Shalbaf R, Khosrowabadi R, Nasehi M, Kamali A-M. Sleep Micro–Macro-structures in Psychophysiological Insomnia. PSG Study. Sleep Vigil. 2023 ;7(1):55-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s41782-023-00228-5] [PMID] [PMCID]
Ghermezian A, Nami M, Shalbaf R, Khosrowabadi R, Nasehi M. A Predictive Model to Diagnose Psychophysiological Insomnia with Daytime Hyperarousal and Nighttime Micro–Macro-Structures Correlation. Sleep Vigil. 2023 ;7(2):123-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s41782-023-00236-5]
Ghermezian A, Nami M, Khosrowabadi R, Nasehi M, Shalbaf R, Kamali AM. Daytime qEEG Hyperarousal Model in Psychophysiological Insomnia. Archives of Advances in Biosciences.2023;14(1):1-10. [DOI:10.22037/aab.v14i1.41468]
- Abstract Viewed: 363 times
- pdf Downloaded: 48 times