The Selective Cytotoxicity of The Hydroalcoholic Extract of Santalum Album Linn Wood on A375 and SK-MEL-3 Human Malignant Melanoma Cells Cytotoxicity Effect of White Sandal Wood Extract
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022),
1 April 2022
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v18.42139
Abstract
Melanoma is the cause of most skin cancer all around the world because of its high proliferation rate, metastatic nature, and limited effective therapies. According to the rapid increment in its incidence compared to other types of skin cancers, new therapies are seemed to be essential. Natural remedies can be used to treat many diseases, including cancer, so more research is needed. The wood of Santalum album Linn, known as “white sandalwood”, is one of the herbs which is a rich source of antioxidants that can be used as a therapeutic medication in different types of cancers, especially skin cancer. This research aimed to verify the cytotoxic effects of white sandalwood on A375 and SK-MEL-3 melanoma and AGO-1522 normal human fibroblast cell lines. At first, the ethanolic extract was prepared. Then, cell viability and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Furthermore, ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, and release of cytochrome-c were also assessed. Herb extract significantly increased the death of A375 and SK-MEL-3 melanoma cells (p < 0.001), lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01), and reactive oxygen species (p < 0.01) and cytochrome c concentration (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the same amount was ineffective and safe on AGO-1522 normal fibroblast cells. The extract of white sandalwood has considerable cytotoxic effects on the human melanoma cell line. Further studies are required to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of white sandalwood on melanoma cancer.
Keywords:
- Melanoma, White sandalwood, Melanoma cell line, Cytotoxicity, Santalum album Linn wood, Skin cancer.
How to Cite
Bahareh Sadat Yousefsani, Bita Bahrami, Ali Qobadi, Elahe Aghazadeh, Kobra Shirani, & Jalal Pourahmad. (2022). The Selective Cytotoxicity of The Hydroalcoholic Extract of Santalum Album Linn Wood on A375 and SK-MEL-3 Human Malignant Melanoma Cells: Cytotoxicity Effect of White Sandal Wood Extract. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v18.42139
References
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[27] Choudhary S and Chaudhary G. Sandalwood (Santalum Album): Ancient tree with significant medicinal benefits. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. (2021): 90-9.
[28] SHANKARA NARAYAMA K and Parthasarathi K. HESP-A new essential oil from the acid hydrolysate of spent sandal heartwood. Perfumer & flavorist. (1985) 10 (6): 60-1.
[29] Goswami NB and Tah J. White sandal (Santalum album L.), a precious medicinal and timber yielding plant: a short review. Plant Arch. (2018) 18 (1): 1048-56.
[30] Jagetia GC and Baliga MS. The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: a preliminary study. Journal of Medicinal Food. (2004) 7 (3): 343-8.
[31] Mehvish S and Barkat MQ. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Amomum subulatum, Elettaria cardamomum, Emblica officinalis, Rosa damascene, Santalum album and Valeriana officinalis and their effect on stomach, liver and heart. Matrix Sci Med. (2018) 2 (2): 28-33.
[32] Santha S and Dwivedi C. Anticancer effects of sandalwood (Santalum album). Anticancer research. (2015) 35 (6): 3137-45.
[33] Alizade Naini M, Mehrvarzi S, Zargari-Samadnejadi A, Tanideh N, Ghorbani M, Dehghanian A, Hasanzarrini M, Banaee F, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O and Irajie C. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Quercus brantii extract on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2021) 2021.
[34] Lewandowski Ł, Bednarz-Misa I, Kucharska AZ, Kubiak A, Kasprzyk P, Sozański T, Przybylska D, Piórecki N and Krzystek-Korpacka M. Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Extracts Exert Cytotoxicity in Two Selected Melanoma Cell Lines—A Factorial Analysis of Time-Dependent Alterations in Values Obtained with SRB and MTT Assays. Molecules. (2022) 27 (13): 4193.
[35] Pourahmad J and O'Brien PJ. Contrasting role of Na(+) ions in modulating Cu(+2) or Cd(+2) induced hepatocyte toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions. (2000) 126(2):159-69.
[37] Salimi A, Roudkenar MH, Sadeghi L, Mohseni A, Seydi E, Pirahmadi N and Pourahmad J. Selective Anticancer Activity of Acacetin Against Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Using Both In Vivo and In Vitro Methods: Key Role of Oxidative Stress and Cancerous Mitochondria. Nutrition and Cancer. (2016) 68(8):1404-1416.
[38] Millimouno FM, Dong J, Yang L, Li J and Li X. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer and perspectives with natural compounds from mother nature. Cancer prevention research. (2014) 7 (11): 1081-107.[39] Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Molecular nutrition & food research. (2008) 52 (5): 507-26.
[40] Gopalakrishnan A and Kong A-NT. Anticarcinogenesis by dietary phytochemicals: cytoprotection by Nrf2 in normal cells and cytotoxicity by modulation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in abnormal cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. (2008) 46 (4): 1257-70.
[41] Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O and Kolch W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene. (2007) 26 (22): 3279-90.
[42] Yousefsani BS, Mehri S, Pourahmad J and Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effect of crocin against mitochondrial damage and memory deficit induced by beta-amyloid in the Hippocampus of rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. (2021) 20 (2): 79.
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[45] Saraswati S, Kumar S and Alhaider AA. α-santalol inhibits the angiogenesis and growth of human prostate tumor growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Molecular cancer. (2013) 12 (1): 1-18.
[46] Ortiz C, Morales L, Sastre M, Haskins WE and Matta J. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of sandalwood essential oil in human breast cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-10A. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2016) 2016.
[47] Dave K, Alsharif FM, Islam S, Dwivedi C and Perumal O. Chemoprevention of breast cancer by transdermal delivery of α-santalol through breast skin and mammary papilla (nipple). Pharmaceutical research. (2017) 34 (9): 1897-907.
[48] Lee B, Bohmann J, Reeves T, Levenson C and Risinger AL. α-and β-Santalols directly interact with tubulin and cause mitotic arrest and cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. Journal of Natural Products. (2015) 78 (6): 1357-62.
[49] Dozmorov MG, Yang Q, Wu W, Wren J, Suhail MM, Woolley CL, Young DG, Fung K-M and Lin H-K. Differential effects of selective frankincense (Ru Xiang) essential oil versus non-selective sandalwood (Tan Xiang) essential oil on cultured bladder cancer cells: a microarray and bioinformatics study. Chinese Medicine. (2014) 9 (1): 1-12.
[50] Bommareddy A, Knapp K, Nemeth A, Steigerwalt J, Landis T, Vanwert AL, Gorijavolu HP and Dwivedi C. Alpha-Santalol, a component of sandalwood oil inhibits migration of breast cancer cells by targeting the β-catenin pathway. Anticancer Research. (2018) 38 (8): 4475-80.
[51] Jain R and Nair S. Sandalwood oil for the chemoprevention of skin cancer: mechanistic insights, anti-inflammatory, and in vivo anticancer potential. Current Pharmacology Reports. (2019) 5 (5): 345-58.
[52] Hashem-Dabaghian F, Ghods R, Shojaii A, Abdi L, Campos-Toimil M and Yousefsani BS. Rhus coriaria L., a new candidate for controlling metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (2022) 74 (1): 1-12.
[53] Kenari HM, Yousefsani BS, Eghbalian F, Ghobadi A, Jamshidi AH and Mahroozade S. Herbal recommendations for treatment of COVID-19 symptoms according to Persian medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. (2021) 20 (77): 1-14.
[54] Jamshidi AH, Eghbalian F, Mahroozade S, Mohammadi Kenari H, Ghobadi A and Yousefsani BS. Recommended natural products in Alzheimer's disease based on traditional Persian medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. (2020) 19 (75): 17-29.
[2] Liu J, Gu J, Feng Z, Yang Y, Zhu N, Lu W and Qi F. Both HDAC5 and HDAC6 are required for the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma cells. Journal of translational medicine. (2016) 14 (1): 1-13.
[3] Garbe C and Leiter U. Melanoma epidemiology and trends. Clinics in dermatology. (2009) 27 (1): 3-9.
[4] Jiang A, Rambhatla P and Eide M. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and melanoma: a systematic review. British Journal of Dermatology. (2015) 172 (4): 885-915.
[5] Noonan FP, Zaidi MR, Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Anver MR, Bahn J, Wielgus A, Cadet J, Douki T, Mouret S and Tucker MA. Melanoma induction by ultraviolet A but not ultraviolet B radiation requires melanin pigment. Nature communications. (2012) 3 (1): 1-10.
[6] Caini S, Masala G, Saieva C, Kvaskoff M, Savoye I, Sacerdote C, Hemmingsson O, Hammer Bech B, Overvad K and Tjønneland A. Coffee, tea and melanoma risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International journal of cancer. (2017) 140 (10): 2246-55.
[7] Chen T, Fallah M, Försti A, Kharazmi E, Sundquist K and Hemminki K. Risk of next melanoma in patients with familial and sporadic melanoma by number of previous melanomas. JAMA dermatology. (2015) 151 (6): 607-15.
[8] Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Abeni D, Boyle P and Melchi CF. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. European journal of cancer. (2005) 41 (1): 28-44.
[9] Guy Jr GP, Thomas CC, Thompson T, Watson M, Massetti GM and Richardson LC. Vital signs: melanoma incidence and mortality trends and projections—United States, 1982–2030. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. (2015) 64 (21): 591.
[10] Cragg GM and Newman DJ. Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. Journal of ethnopharmacology. (2005) 100 (1-2): 72-9.
[11] Richardson MA. Biopharmacologic and herbal therapies for cancer: research update from NCCAM. The Journal of nutrition. (2001) 131 (11): 3037S-40S.
[12] Tonkaboni A, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Danesh P, Tajerian R and Ziaei H. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effects of Caffeine on Human Carcinoma Cells. Nutrition and Cancer. (2021) 73 (10): 1998-2002.
[13] Hazafa A, Rehman K-U-, Jahan N and Jabeen Z. The role of polyphenol (flavonoids) compounds in the treatment of cancer cells. Nutrition and cancer. (2020) 72 (3): 386-97.
[14] Iranzadasl M, Pasalar P, Kamalinejad M and Mousavi MJ. Cytotoxic effect of iris germanica l. Rhizomes extract on human melanoma cell line. International Journal of Cancer Management. (2021) 14 (6).
[15] Gladfelter P, Darwish NH and Mousa SA. Current status and future direction in the management of malignant melanoma. Melanoma research. (2017) 27 (5): 403-10.
[16] Sindhu RK, Upma KA and Arora S. Santalum album linn: a review on morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. International Journal of PharmTech Research. (2010) 2 (1): 914-9.
[17] Daramwar PP. Biotransformation of santalene derivatives from Indian sandalwood: santalum album. (2014).
[18] Brunke EJ, Vollhardt J and Schmaus G. Cyclosantalal and epicyclosantalal—new sesquiterpene aldehydes from east Indian sandalwood oil. Flavour and fragrance journal. (1995) 10 (3): 211-9.
[19] Jones CG, Ghisalberti EL, Plummer JA and Barbour EL. Quantitative co-occurrence of sesquiterpenes; a tool for elucidating their biosynthesis in Indian sandalwood, Santalum album. Phytochemistry. (2006) 67 (22): 2463-8.
[20] Braun NA, Meier M and Pickenhagen W. Isolation and chiral GC analysis of β-bisabolols—trace constituents from the essential oil of Santalum album L.(Santalaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research. (2003) 15 (2): 63-5.
[21] Kuttan R, Nair NG, Radhakrishnan A, Spande T, Yeh H and Witkop B. Isolation and characterization of γ-L-glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide from sandal (Santalum album). Interesting occurrence of sulfoxide diastereoisomers in nature. Biochemistry. (1974) 13 (21): 4394-400.
[22] Aghili M. Mazoo. In: Makhzan al-advieh (Persian). Tehran: Tehran University Press. (2009)pp. 611–2.
[23] Misra BB and Dey S. Biological activities of East Indian sandalwood tree, Santalum album. In: PeerJ PrePrints. (2013).
[24] Scartezzini P and Speroni E. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. Journal of ethnopharmacology. (2000) 71 (1-2): 23-43.
[25] Liu Y, Li Z, Shen D, Song Y, Huang M, Xue X, Xie J, Jiao Z, Gao S and Xu Y. Adjuvant treatment of coronary heart disease angina pectoris with Chinese patent medicine: a prospective clinical cohort study. Medicine. (2019) 98 (33).
[26] Kumar R, Anjum N and Tripathi Y. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Santalum album L.: a review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. (2015) 4 (10): 1842-76.
[27] Choudhary S and Chaudhary G. Sandalwood (Santalum Album): Ancient tree with significant medicinal benefits. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. (2021): 90-9.
[28] SHANKARA NARAYAMA K and Parthasarathi K. HESP-A new essential oil from the acid hydrolysate of spent sandal heartwood. Perfumer & flavorist. (1985) 10 (6): 60-1.
[29] Goswami NB and Tah J. White sandal (Santalum album L.), a precious medicinal and timber yielding plant: a short review. Plant Arch. (2018) 18 (1): 1048-56.
[30] Jagetia GC and Baliga MS. The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: a preliminary study. Journal of Medicinal Food. (2004) 7 (3): 343-8.
[31] Mehvish S and Barkat MQ. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Amomum subulatum, Elettaria cardamomum, Emblica officinalis, Rosa damascene, Santalum album and Valeriana officinalis and their effect on stomach, liver and heart. Matrix Sci Med. (2018) 2 (2): 28-33.
[32] Santha S and Dwivedi C. Anticancer effects of sandalwood (Santalum album). Anticancer research. (2015) 35 (6): 3137-45.
[33] Alizade Naini M, Mehrvarzi S, Zargari-Samadnejadi A, Tanideh N, Ghorbani M, Dehghanian A, Hasanzarrini M, Banaee F, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O and Irajie C. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Quercus brantii extract on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2021) 2021.
[34] Lewandowski Ł, Bednarz-Misa I, Kucharska AZ, Kubiak A, Kasprzyk P, Sozański T, Przybylska D, Piórecki N and Krzystek-Korpacka M. Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Extracts Exert Cytotoxicity in Two Selected Melanoma Cell Lines—A Factorial Analysis of Time-Dependent Alterations in Values Obtained with SRB and MTT Assays. Molecules. (2022) 27 (13): 4193.
[35] Pourahmad J and O'Brien PJ. Contrasting role of Na(+) ions in modulating Cu(+2) or Cd(+2) induced hepatocyte toxicity. Chemico-Biological Interactions. (2000) 126(2):159-69.
[37] Salimi A, Roudkenar MH, Sadeghi L, Mohseni A, Seydi E, Pirahmadi N and Pourahmad J. Selective Anticancer Activity of Acacetin Against Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Using Both In Vivo and In Vitro Methods: Key Role of Oxidative Stress and Cancerous Mitochondria. Nutrition and Cancer. (2016) 68(8):1404-1416.
[38] Millimouno FM, Dong J, Yang L, Li J and Li X. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer and perspectives with natural compounds from mother nature. Cancer prevention research. (2014) 7 (11): 1081-107.[39] Ramos S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: dietary polyphenols and signalling pathways. Molecular nutrition & food research. (2008) 52 (5): 507-26.
[40] Gopalakrishnan A and Kong A-NT. Anticarcinogenesis by dietary phytochemicals: cytoprotection by Nrf2 in normal cells and cytotoxicity by modulation of transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in abnormal cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. (2008) 46 (4): 1257-70.
[41] Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O and Kolch W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene. (2007) 26 (22): 3279-90.
[42] Yousefsani BS, Mehri S, Pourahmad J and Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effect of crocin against mitochondrial damage and memory deficit induced by beta-amyloid in the Hippocampus of rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. (2021) 20 (2): 79.
[43] Vauzour D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Corona G, Oruna-Concha MJ and Spencer JP. Polyphenols and human health: prevention of disease and mechanisms of action. Nutrients. (2010) 2 (11): 1106-31.
[44] Yousefsani BS, Boozari M, Shirani K, Jamshidi A and Dadmehr M. A review on phytochemical and therapeutic potential of Iris germanica. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (2021) 73 (5): 611-25.
[45] Saraswati S, Kumar S and Alhaider AA. α-santalol inhibits the angiogenesis and growth of human prostate tumor growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Molecular cancer. (2013) 12 (1): 1-18.
[46] Ortiz C, Morales L, Sastre M, Haskins WE and Matta J. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of sandalwood essential oil in human breast cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-10A. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2016) 2016.
[47] Dave K, Alsharif FM, Islam S, Dwivedi C and Perumal O. Chemoprevention of breast cancer by transdermal delivery of α-santalol through breast skin and mammary papilla (nipple). Pharmaceutical research. (2017) 34 (9): 1897-907.
[48] Lee B, Bohmann J, Reeves T, Levenson C and Risinger AL. α-and β-Santalols directly interact with tubulin and cause mitotic arrest and cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. Journal of Natural Products. (2015) 78 (6): 1357-62.
[49] Dozmorov MG, Yang Q, Wu W, Wren J, Suhail MM, Woolley CL, Young DG, Fung K-M and Lin H-K. Differential effects of selective frankincense (Ru Xiang) essential oil versus non-selective sandalwood (Tan Xiang) essential oil on cultured bladder cancer cells: a microarray and bioinformatics study. Chinese Medicine. (2014) 9 (1): 1-12.
[50] Bommareddy A, Knapp K, Nemeth A, Steigerwalt J, Landis T, Vanwert AL, Gorijavolu HP and Dwivedi C. Alpha-Santalol, a component of sandalwood oil inhibits migration of breast cancer cells by targeting the β-catenin pathway. Anticancer Research. (2018) 38 (8): 4475-80.
[51] Jain R and Nair S. Sandalwood oil for the chemoprevention of skin cancer: mechanistic insights, anti-inflammatory, and in vivo anticancer potential. Current Pharmacology Reports. (2019) 5 (5): 345-58.
[52] Hashem-Dabaghian F, Ghods R, Shojaii A, Abdi L, Campos-Toimil M and Yousefsani BS. Rhus coriaria L., a new candidate for controlling metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (2022) 74 (1): 1-12.
[53] Kenari HM, Yousefsani BS, Eghbalian F, Ghobadi A, Jamshidi AH and Mahroozade S. Herbal recommendations for treatment of COVID-19 symptoms according to Persian medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. (2021) 20 (77): 1-14.
[54] Jamshidi AH, Eghbalian F, Mahroozade S, Mohammadi Kenari H, Ghobadi A and Yousefsani BS. Recommended natural products in Alzheimer's disease based on traditional Persian medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. (2020) 19 (75): 17-29.
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