The retraction of a published work may be necessary in the following circumstances:
1. Clear evidence that the findings are unreliable due to major error, such as miscalculation or experimental error, or due to fabrication of data or falsification of results.
2. Previous publication of the findings elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources, disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (i.e., cases of redundant publication).
3. Inclusion of material or data without proper authorization for use.
4. Infringement of copyright or other serious legal issues, such as libel or privacy violations.
5. Reporting of unethical research practices.
6. Publication based solely on a compromised or manipulated peer review process.
7. Failure by the author(s) to disclose a major competing interest (conflict of interest) that, in the view of the editor, would unduly affect interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.

• In the event of a retraction, the article will be published quickly to minimize adverse effects. It is crucial that the retraction is clearly identifiable and available to all readers.

• Retractions can be initiated by the authors, institution, readers, or editor, and the retraction notice provide clear details about the reasons for retraction and who requested it.

• In cases where only certain parts of an article are found to be unreliable, authors may republish corrected work with proper notification and permission. Additionally, in situations where errors are unintentional and the underlying science remains valid, journals may consider retraction with republication after further review and scrutiny.

• Retractions serve to address significant errors, while corrections are necessary when overall findings remain valid despite unreliable parts of the article.