Assessment of the Phytochemical Profile, Free Radical Scavenging and Antibacterial Effects of Pilea symmeria from Mizoram, India Therapeutic properties of Pilea symmeria
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025),
21 January 2025
,
Page 48-60
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v21i1.46680
Abstract
Antibacterial and free radical scavenging properties of Pilea symmeria, a traditional medicinal plant from Mizoram, India, have been examined in this study. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous were used to extract the plant components. Extracts were phytochemically analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The extracted sample were tested for their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS, and superoxide anion (O2•(-)) radicals. An antibacterial susceptibility test was performed against the bacterial strain Escherichia. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae using disc diffusion method. The broth microdilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plating samples from a well of MIC and above concentrations on a new agar plate determined minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Various phytochemicals, including terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, and phlobatannins, were present in the various extracts of P. symmeria. Phytochemical analysis by LC-MS revealed the presence of 34 major compounds having various biological activities. The most potent radical scavenger was ethanol extract, which contains the highest overall phenolic and flavonoid content with the lowest IC50 value. The various extracts also suppressed the tested organisms' growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, our results suggested that P. symmeria extracts contain various phytochemicals with anti-radical and anti-bacterial activities and can potentially develop into novel phytomedicines.
- Minimum inhibitory concentration
- Medicinal plant
- Minimum bactericidal concentration
- Antioxidant
- Reactive oxygen species
- UV/Vis spectrophotometer
How to Cite
References
Cheeseman KH, Slater TF. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Br. Med. Bull. (1993) 49(3): 481-493.
Alugoju P, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian. J. Clin. Biochem. (2014) 30(1): 11-26.
Farahpour MR, Habibi M. Evaluation of the wound healing activity of an ethanolic extract of Ceylon cinnamon in mice. Vet Med (Praha). 2012 57(1): 53-57.
Rozika R. Ramhmul damdawi (Medicinal plants) Mizoram, 1st ed., Medicinal plants board: Mizoram (2005).
Evans WC, Evans D, Trease GE. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15th ed., Saunders: London (2002).
Harborne A. Phytochemical Methods A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis, 3rd ed., Chapman and Hall: London (1998).
Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Wiedemann N (Eds.) In: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York (1999) 152-178.
Barreira JC, Ferreira IC, Oliveira MBP, Pereira JA. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower, leaf, skins and fruit. Food. Chem. (2008) 107(3): 1106-1113.
Leong LP, Shui G. An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food. Chem. (2002) 76(1): 69-75.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente AR, Pannala AS, Yang M, Rice‐Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. (1999) 26(9-10): 1231-1237.
Hyland K, Voisin E, Banoun H, Auclair C. Superoxide dismutase assay using alkaline dimethylsulfoxide as superoxide anion-generating system. Anal. Biochem. (1983) 135(2): 280-287.
Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Koraichi SI. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal. (2016) 6(2): 71–79.
Araujo MGS, Silva ALL, Silva-Junior EF, Santos Junior PFS, Santos MS, Bernardo THL, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of Argemone mexicana L. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. (2015) 2015(7): 482-489.
Datar H, Datar A. Antimicrobial activity of Anthoceplalus cadamba and Scirpus kysoor roxb. against food pathogens. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. (2016) 8(4): 13.
Guo L, Dixon RA, Paiva NL. Conversion of vestitone to medicarpin in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is catalyzed by two independent enzymes. Identification, purification, and characterization of vestitone reductase and 7,2'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavanol dehydratase. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269(35): 22372-22378.
Yan X, Qi M, Li P, Zhan Y, Shao H. Apigenin in cancer therapy: anticancer effects and mechanisms of action. Cell. Biosci. (2017) 7(50): 9034071.
Suntar I, Akkol EK, Keles H, Yesilada E, Sarker SD. Exploration of the wound healing potential of Helichrysum graveolens (Bieb.) Sweet: isolation of apigenin as an active component. J Ethnopharmacol. (2013) 149(1): 103-110.
Yajie X, Li X, Wang H. Protective Roles of Apigenin Against Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Front. Nutr. (2022) 9: 875826.
Thawabteh AM, Thawabteh A, Lelario F, Bufo SA, Scrano L. Classification, Toxicity and Bioactivity of Natural Diterpenoid Alkaloids. Molecules. (2021) 26(13): 4103.
Yu C, Zhang P, Lou L, Wang Y. Perspectives Regarding the Role of Biochanin A in Humans. Front. Pharmacol. (2019) 10: 793.
Sarfraz I, Rasul A, Riaz A, Ucak I, et al. Biochanin A and biochanin B. Mushtaq M, Anwar F (Eds.) In: A Centum of Valuable Plant Bioactives, Academic Press, New York, (2021) 563-588.
Al-Akayleh F, Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Al-Odwan G, Qinna N. Chitosan-biotin topical film: preparation and evaluation of burn wound healing activity. Pharm. Dev. Technol. (2022) 27(4): 479-489.
Qing ZX, Hwang JL, Yang XY, et al. Anticancer and Reversing Multidrug Resistance Activities of Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloids and their Structure-activity Relationship. Curr. Med. Chem. (2018) 25(38): 5088-5114.
Weber C, Opatz T. Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Alkaloids. Chem. Biol. (2019) 81: 114.
Zhong H, Wang L, Xiong S, Wang Z, Chen Z, Huang W, Li M, Tian H. Cassaine diterpenoid glycosides from the seeds of Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. and their antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Fitoterapia. (2022) 163: 105348.
Chen Z, Mou Y, Zhong H, et al. Cassaine diterpenoids from the seeds of Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. and their antiangiogenic activity. Phytochem. (2022) 203: 113399.
Zhang J, Liu YQ, Fang J. The biological activities of quinolizidine alkaloids. Alkaloids. Chem. Biol. (2023) 89: 1-37.
Silva JR, Burger B, Kuhl CMC, Candreva T, Dos Anjos MBP, Rodrigues HG. Wound Healing and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: From Inflammation to Repair. Mediat. Inflamm. (2018) 2018: 2503950.
McIlwain HH. Fenoprofen calcium versus aspirin in the treatment of acute inflammatory soft-tissue injuries. J. Med. (1985) 16(4): 429-438.
Bagheri E, Hajiaghaalipour F, Nyamathulla S, Salehen NA. Ethanolic extract of Brucea javanica inhibit proliferation of HCT-116 colon cancer cells via caspase activation. RSC Adv. (2018) 8(2): 681-689.
Yu Y, Yang Q, Wang Z, Ding Q, Li M, Fang Y, He Q, Zhu YZ. The Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Nociception Effect of Ketoprofen in Rats Could Be Strengthened Through Co-Delivery of a H2S Donor, S-Propargyl-Cysteine. J. Inflamm. Res. (2021) 14: 5863-5875.
Islam MN, Ishita IJ, Jin SE, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of edible brown alga Saccharina japonica and its constituents pheophorbide a and pheophytin a in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Food. Chem. Toxicol. (2013) 55: 541-548.
Saha P, Rahman FI, Hussain F, Rahman SMA, Rahman MM. Antimicrobial Diterpenes: Recent Development From Natural Sources. Front. Pharmacol. (2022) 12: 820312.
Cronheim G, Brown W, Cawthorne J, Toekes MI, Ungari J. Pharmacological Studies with Rescinnamine, a New Alkaloid Isolated from Rauwolfia serpentina. Exp. Biol. Med. (1954) 86(1): 120-124.
Weiss RF, Fintelmann V. Herbal Medicine, 2nd ed., George Thieme Verlag: Germany (2000).
Fu C, Dong H, Wang X, Wang H, Zheng Y, Ren D, et al. Antioxidant Effects of Rhodoxanthin from Potamogeton crispus L. on H2 O2 -Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages Cells. Chem. Biodivers. (2023) 20(1): e202200393.
Ariyanti AD, Zhang J, Marcelina O, et al. Salidroside-Pretreated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Diabetic Wound Healing by Promoting Paracrine Function and Survival of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Hyperglycemia. Stem. Cells. Transl. Med. (2019) 8(4): 404-414.
Guang C, Chen J, Sang S, Cheng S. Biological functionality of soyasaponins and soyasapogenols. J. Agric. Food. Chem. (2014) 62(33): 8247-8255.
Sanchez-Quesada C, Lopez-Biedma A, Toledo E, Gaforio JJ. Squalene Stimulates a Key Innate Immune Cell to Foster Wound Healing and Tissue Repair. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. (2018) 2018: 9473094.
Park JE, Kwon HJ, Lee HJ, Hwang HS. Anti-inflammatory effect of taxifolin in TNF-α/IL-17A/IFN-γ induced HaCaT human keratinocytes. Appl. Biol. Chem. (2023) 66: 8.
Sunil C, Xu B. An insight into the health-promoting effects of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin). Phytochem. (2019) 166: 112066.
Veloso CC, Soares GL, Perez AC, Rodrigues VG, Silva FC. Pharmacological potential of Maytenus species and isolated constituents, especially tingenone, for treatment of painful inflammatory diseases. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. (2017) 27(4): 533-540.
Murillo AG, Hu S, Fernandez ML. Zeaxanthin: Metabolism, Properties, and Antioxidant Protection of Eyes, Heart, Liver, and Skin. Antioxidants (Basel). (2019) 8(9): 390.
Kapoor M, Howard R, Hall I, Appleton I. Effects of epicatechin gallate on wound healing and scar formation in a full thickness incisional wound healing model in rats. Am. J. Pathol. (2004) 165(1): 299-307.
Nie Y, Sturzenbaum SR. Proanthocyanidins of Natural Origin: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Lipid Disorder and Aging-Associated Diseases. Adv. Nutr. (2019) 10(3): 464-478.
Vilkickyte G, Zilius M, Petrikaite V, Raudone L. Proanthocyanidins from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leaves: Perspectives in Wound Healing and Designing for Topical Delivery. Plants. (2022) 11(19): 2615.
Chowdhury JR, Chowdhury NR, Jansen PLM. Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology: A textbook of Liver Disease, 5th ed., WB Saunders: New York (2006).
Overhaus M, Moore BA, Barbato JE, Behrendt FF, Doering JG, Bauer AJ. Biliverdin protects against polymicrobial sepsis by modulating inflammatory mediators. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. (2006) 290(4): 695-703.
Rembe JD, Thompson VD, Stuermer EK. Antimicrobials cetylpyridinium-chloride and miramistin demonstrate non-inferiority and no "protein-error" compared to established wound care antiseptics in vitro. AIMS Microbiology. (2022) 8(4): 372-387.
Casciaro B, Mangiardi L, Cappiello F, et al. Naturally-Occurring Alkaloids of Plant Origin as Potential Antimicrobials against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections. Molecules. (2020) 25(16): 3619.
Stout EI, McKessor A. Glycerin-Based Hydrogel for Infection Control. Adv. Wound. Care. (New Rochelle). (2012) 1(1): 48-51.
Lawton SK, Xu F, Tran A, et al. N-Arachidonoyl Dopamine Modulates Acute Systemic Inflammation via Nonhematopoietic TRPV1. J. Immunol. (2017) 199(4): 1465-1475.
Chadwick M, Trewin H, Gawthrop F, Wagstaff C. Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people. Int. J. Mol. Sci. (2013) 14(6): 12780-12805.
Aghel N, Iran R, Mombeini A. Hepatoprotective Activity of Capparis spinosa Root Bark Against CCl4 Induced Hepatic Damage in Mice. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. (2007) 6(4): 285-290.
Pinto T, Aires A, Cosme F, et al. Bioactive (Poly)phenols, Volatile Compounds from Vegetables, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Foods. (2021) 10(1): 106.
Tosun M, Ercısli S, Sengul M, Ozer H, Polat T, Ozturk E. Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of Eight Salvia Species from Turkey. Biol. Res. (2009) 42(2): 175-181.
Shen N, Wang T, Gan Q, Liu S, Wang,L, Jin B. Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food. Chem. (2022) 30: 383.
Kedare SB, Singh RP. Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. J. Food. Sci. Technol. (2011) 48(4): 412–422.
Zoremsiami J. Jagetia GC. Phytochemical Analysis and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Helicia nilagirica. Trends. Green. chem. (2019) 4(1:5): 1-9.
Subba B, Basnet P. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of some indigenous plants of Nepal. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. (2014) 3(1): 62-67.
Dasgupta A, Klein K. Methods for Measuring Oxidative Stress in the Laboratory. Dasgupta A, Klein K (Eds.) In: Antioxidants in Food, Vitamins and Supplements, Elsevier, United States (2014) 19-40.
Goldschmidt S, Renn K. Amine oxidation IV. Diphenyl-trinitrophenylhydrazyl. Chem. Ber. (1992) 55: 628-643.
Wong H, Dighe P, Mezera V, Monternier P, Brand MD. Production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from specific mitochondrial sites under different bioenergetic conditions. J. Biol. Chem. (2017) 292(41): 16804-16809.
Haber F, Weiss J. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. Math. Phys. Sci.(1934) 147(861): 332-351.
Chahardehi AM, Ibrahim D, Sulaiman SF. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some medicinal plants in Urticaceae family. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. (2009) 3(2): 27-31.
Chahardehi AM, Demirtas I, Sulaiman SF. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity Test of Pilea microphylla. Int. J. Microbiol. (2010) 2010: 826830.
Prabhakar K, Veerapur VP, Bansal P, et al. Antioxidant and radioprotective effect of the active fraction of Pilea microphylla (L.) ethanolic extract. Chem. Biol. Interact. (2007) 165(1): 22-32.
Bansal P, Paul P, Nayak PG, et al. Phenolic compounds isolated from Pilea microphylla prevent radiation-induced cellular DNA damage. Acta. Pharm. Sin. B. (2011) 1(4): 226-235.
- Abstract Viewed: 191 times
- IJPS_Volume21_Issue1_Pages48-60 Downloaded: 103 times