Modern Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacotherapy, Cell Therapy, and Exosome-Based Treatments
Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery,
Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026),
10 November 2026
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant neurological issue, frequently resulting in lasting neurological impairments, considerable socioeconomic consequences, and a greatly restricted capacity for natural regeneration. Despite extensive research enhancing our comprehension of the pathophysiology of SCI, an effective curative treatment remains unavailable. Conversely, advancements in regenerative medicine have broadened the spectrum of treatment possibilities beyond traditional symptomatic and supportive approaches. This review provides an overview of the existing treatment approaches for SCI, emphasizing pharmacological therapies such as riluzole, minocycline, and anti-Nogo-A antibodies; cell-based techniques featuring mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), Schwann cells (SCs), and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs); as well as exosome-mediated nanotherapeutic approaches. The fundamental mechanisms, outcomes from preclinical studies, clinical data, and key challenges to translation are all thoroughly analyzed. We highlight potential future therapeutic options, particularly the use of multiple treatment combinations that may facilitate the transition of promising experimental methods into clinical application.
- Spinal cord injury; regenerative medicine; stem cell therapy; exosomes; pharmacotherapy
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