Anti-bacterial and Anti-biofilm Effects of the Methanolic Extract of Zingiber Offcinale on Streptococcus Mutans Clinical Isolates Effect of the Methanolic Extract of Zingiber Offcinale on Streptococcus Mutans
Regeneration, Reconstruction & Restoration (Triple R),
Vol. 10 (2025),
1 January 2025
https://doi.org/10.22037/rrr.v10.47149
Abstract
Background and objectives: There is an obvious need for an effective anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm agent to serve as an alternative to the currently used synthetic anti-microbial agents. This study sought to assess the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm effects of the methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) clinical isolates.
Materials and methods: This in vitro study evaluated 10 clinical isolates of S. mutans obtained from dental plaque, and its standard strain. The methanolic extract of Z. officinale was obtained by the maceration technique. The anti-bacterial activity of the extract, chlorhexidine (CHX), and chloramphenicol was evaluated by the agar diffusion technique and measurement of the diameter of the growth inhibition zones, and also by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by the broth micro-dilution technique. The anti-biofilm effect of the microorganisms was evaluated by the microtiter plate technique. Statistical comparisons were made by the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests (alpha = 0.05).
Results: The mean diameter of the created growth inhibition zone in S. mutans culture was 15 ± 1.49 mm by the Z. officinale extract, and 21.1 ± 1.59 mm by CHX and chloramphenicol, with no significant difference among them (P > 0.05). The MIC and MBC of the methanolic extract of Z. officinale were 57.6 ± 13.86 and 76.8 ± 27.7 mg/mL, respectively. The sub-MIC of Z. officinale extract decreased biofilm formation by the isolates by averagely 20%.
Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Z. officinale significantly decreased biofilm formation (as a one of the antibiotic-resistant mechanism) by S. mutans clinical isolates, which is a promising finding.
- Biofilms
- Chlorhexidine
- Streptococcus mutans
- Zingiber officinale
How to Cite
References
Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu M, Lyu X, Gong T, Tang B, et al. Rhodiola rosea extract inhibits the biofilm formation and the expression of virulence genes of cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol. 2020 Aug;116:104762. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104762
Wu J, Fan Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Zou J, Huang R. Effects of the natural compound, oxyresveratrol, on the growth of Streptococcus mutans, and on biofilm formation, acid production, and virulence gene expression. Eur J Oral Sci. 2020 Feb;128(1):18-26. doi:10.1111/eos.12667
Benzaid C, Belmadani A, Tichati L, Djeribi R, Rouabhia M. Effect of Citrus aurantium L. Essential Oil on Streptococcus mutans Growth, Biofilm Formation and Virulent Genes Expression. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Jan 8;10(1). doi:10.3390/antibiotics10010054
Guan C, Che F, Zhou H, Li Y, Li Y, Chu J. Effect of Rubusoside, a Natural Sucrose Substitute, on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Cariogenic Potential and Virulence Gene Expression In Vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2020 Aug 3;86(16). doi:10.1128/aem.01012-20
Hasan S, Danishuddin M, Adil M, Singh K, Verma PK, Khan AU. Efficacy of E. officinalis on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans: a novel and alternative approach to suppress quorum-sensing mechanism. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40319. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040319
Sweeney LC, Dave J, Chambers PA, Heritage J. Antibiotic resistance in general dental practice--a cause for concern? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Apr;53(4):567-76. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh137
Lin Y, Chen J, Zhou X, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by strategies targeting the metabolism of exopolysaccharides. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2021 Sep;47(5):667-77. doi:10.1080/1040841x.2021.1915959
Tatevossian A. Fluoride in dental plaque and its effects. J Dent Res. 1990 Feb;69 Spec No:645-52; discussion 82-3. doi:10.1177/00220345900690s126
Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Feb;46(2):409-20. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085
Azizi A, Aghayan S, Zaker S, Shakeri M, Entezari N, Lawaf S. In Vitro Effect of Zingiber officinale Extract on Growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Int J Dent. 2015;2015:489842. doi:10.1155/2015/489842
Jain I, Jain P, Bisht D, Sharma A, Srivastava B, Gupta N. Use of traditional Indian plants in the inhibition of caries-causing bacteria--Streptococcus mutans. Braz Dent J. 2015 Mar-Apr;26(2):110-5. doi:10.1590/0103-6440201300102
Hasan S, Danishuddin M, Khan AU. Inhibitory effect of zingiber officinale towards Streptococcus mutans virulence and caries development: in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC Microbiol. 2015 Jan 16;15(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0320-5
Mayr-Harting A, Hedges A, Berkeley R. Chapter VII methods for studying bacteriocins. Methods in microbiology. 7, Elsevier, 1972. p. 315-422.
Mahmoudi R, Amini K, Fakhri O, Alem M. Aroma profile and antimicrobial properties of alcoholic and aqueous extracts from root, leaf and stalk of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2014;4(3):220-4.
Gulluce M, Sahin F, Sokmen M, Ozer H, Daferera D, Sokmen A, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food chemistry. 2007;103(4):1449-56.
Sheikhinejad S, Babaeekhou L, Barzin G. Zingiber officinale; An anti-Streptococcus mutans herbal drug: Which is more suitable? Res Dent Sci. 2017;14(3):162-9.
Soleimani H, Jafari B. Comparative Study of Antibacterial Effects of Polar, Semi-polar and non-polar Fractions of Lnula helenium Plant Extract against some food-borne bacteria. Journal of Food Microbiology. 2020;7(1):41-9.
Gull I, Saeed M, Shaukat H, Aslam SM, Samra ZQ, Athar AM. Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2012 Apr 27;11:8. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-11-8
Karuppiah P, Rajaram S. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 Aug;2(8):597-601. doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60104-x
Tajbakhsh M, Soleimani N. Evaluation of the bactericidal effects of Zingiber officinale, Aloysia citrodora and Artemisia dracunculus on the survival of standard gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Jorjani Biomedicine Journal. 2018;6(1):22-32.
EL-Sherbiny GM. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria detected from the root canal infection (before and after) root-filled teeth: an in vitro study. Int J Dent Sci Res. 2015;3(1):4-9.
- Abstract Viewed: 226 times
- PDF Downloaded: 132 times