Association between Passive Smoking, Salivary Calcium level, and Periodontal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study Passive Smoking and Periodontal Health
Regeneration, Reconstruction & Restoration (Triple R),
Vol. 9 (2024),
1 January 2024
https://doi.org/10.22037/rrr.v9.45535
Abstract
Background and objectives: Due to the lack of definitive conclusions about the effects of passive smoking on periodontal health especially in adults and the lack of information on the relationship between salivary calcium levels and periodontitis, this study aimed to compare salivary calcium levels and periodontal status of passive smoking and non-smoking adults.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 adult females in two groups of passive smokers and non-smokers (n=30), who were selected using consecutive sampling. The salivary calcium levels were measured using an enzymatic colorimetric method with a kit, and their periodontal health was evaluated by measuring clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and probing depth (PPD). The values were then compared between the two groups. Data were analyzed using t-tests, Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson and Spearman’s correlation coefficients (α=0.05).
Results: The mean CAL was significantly higher in passive smokers than in non-smokers (P=0.013). The mean values of BI (P=0.446), PPD (P=0.066), and salivary calcium levels (P=0.248) were not significantly different between the two groups, although slightly higher values were recorded in the passive group. In passive smokers, the mean PPD had a significant correlation with the salivary calcium levels (P=0.037). In non-smokers, CAL and salivary calcium levels were significantly correlated (P=0.010).
Conclusion: Passive smokers had significantly greater CAL than non-smokers. Additionally, higher salivary calcium levels were significantly correlated with higher mean PPD in passive smokers and CAL in non-smokers, indicating a possible association between elevated salivary calcium levels and periodontal problems, regardless of smoking status.
- Calcium
- Saliva
- Periodontitis
- Tobacco Smoke Pollution
How to Cite
References
Rashidi Maybodi F, Ghafourifard R, Mohammad Taheri M, Golvardi Yazdi R. Characteristic Factors Affecting Oral Pigmentation in Passive Smoker Children. J Dent (Shiraz). 2020 Jun;21(2):127-131.
Avşar A, Darka O, Bodrumlu EH, Bek Y. Evaluation of the relationship between passive smoking and salivary electrolytes, protein, secretory IgA, sialic acid and amylase in young children. Arch Oral Biol. 2009 May;54(5):457-63.
Khoramdad M, Vahedian-Azimi A, Karimi L, Rahimi-Bashar F, Amini H, Sahebkar A. Association between passive smoking and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. IUBMB Life. 2020 Apr;72(4):677-686.
Rafieyan S, Shamami MS, Shateri V, Ghojazadeh M, Salehnia F. Correlation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and periodontitis in passive smokers; a systematic review. Immunopathol. persa. 2022 Mar 4;8(2):e29308.
Moravej-Salehi E, Moravej-Salehi E, Hajifattahi F. Passive Smoking: Oral and Dental Effects. Iran J Public Health. 2015 Apr;44(4):600-1.
Patel RM, Varma S, Suragimath G, Zope S. Estimation and Comparison of Salivary Calcium, Phosphorous, Alkaline Phosphatase and pH Levels in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Cross-sectional Biochemical Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Jul;10(7):ZC58-61.
Amalina R, Mahdalena M, Aditya G. Differences in the salivary inorganic ions levels and salivary flow rate of the periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2020 Jul 31;32(2):160-5.
Sutej I, Peros K, Benutic A, Capak K, Basic K, Rosin-Grget K. Salivary calcium concentration and periodontal health of young adults in relation to tobacco smoking. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012;10(4):397-403.
Acharya A, Kharadi MD, Dhavale R, Deshmukh VL, Sontakke AN. High salivary calcium level associated with periodontal disease in Indian subjects--a pilot study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2011;9(2):195-200.
Varghese M, Hegde S, Kashyap R, Maiya AK. Quantitative Assessment of Calcium Profile in Whole Saliva from Smokers and Non-Smokers with Chronic Generalized Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 May;9(5):ZC54-7.
Tjahajawati S, Rafisa A, Lestari EA. The Effect of Smoking on Salivary Calcium Levels, Calcium Intake, and Bleeding on Probing in Female. Int J Dent. 2021 Dec 18;2021:2221112.
Noormohammadi, R., Mostanadi, M., Rafieyan, S., Firoozi, P. Comparative evaluation of salivary levels of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase in active and passive smokers. Journal of Oral Health and Oral Epidemiology, 2020; 9(4): 162-167. doi: 10.22122/johoe.v9i4.1151
Newman MG, Facd D, Klokkevold PR, Dds M, Elangovan S, Dmsc BD, et al. Newman and Carranza's Clinical Periodontology and Implantology E-Book. 13 ed: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2019.
Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975 Dec;25(4):229-35. PMID: 1058834.
Alan R, Gezgin O, Korkut E, Türkoğlu Ş, Çelik E, Haliloğlu S. Effect of passive tobacco smoking exposure on the periodontal status of Turkish children. Journal of Dentistry Indonesia. 2021;28(1):1-7.
Javed F, Bashir Ahmed H, Romanos GE. Association between environmental tobacco smoke and periodontal disease: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2014 Aug; 133:117-22.
Akinkugbe AA, Slade GD, Divaris K, Poole C. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Periodontitis Endpoints Among Nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Nov;18(11):2047-56.
Arbes SJ Jr, Agústsdóttir H, Slade GD. Environmental tobacco smoke and periodontal disease in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2001 Feb;91(2):253-7.
Kanmaz B, Lamont G, Danacı G, Gogeneni H, Buduneli N, Scott DA. Microbiological and biochemical findings in relation to clinical periodontal status in active smokers, non-smokers and passive smokers. Tob Induc Dis. 2019 Mar 21;17:20.
Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Hanioka T, Arakawa M. Active and passive smoking and prevalence of periodontal disease in young Japanese women. J Periodontal Res. 2013 Oct;48(5):600-5.
Oliveira LM, Oliveira MDM, Ardenghi TM, Zanatta FB. Is secondhand smoke exposure associated with poor periodontal status in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022 Aug;23(4):513-525. doi: 10.1007/s40368-022-00709-7.
Please cite this paper as: Taheri S, Pouyafard A, Rashidi Maybodi F. Association between Passive Smocking, Salivary Calcium Level, and Periodontal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of “Regeneration, Reconstruction & Restoration”(Triple R). 2024; Volume 9: e9. Doi: 10.22037/rrr.v9.45535
Erdemir EO, Sönmez IS, Oba AA, Bergstrom J, Caglayan O. Periodontal health in children exposed to passive smoking. J Clin Periodontol. 2010 Feb;37(2):160-4.
Sewón LA, Karjalainen SM, Söderling E, Lapinleimu H, Simell O. Associations between salivary calcium and oral health. J Clin Periodontol. 1998 Nov;25(11 Pt 1):915-9.
Alqahtani SM, Gokhale ST, Elagib MFA, Shrivastava D, Nagate RR, Alshmrani BAM, Alburade AMA, Alqahtani FMA, Nagarajappa AK, Natoli V, Srivastava KC. Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Apr 14;59(4):765.
Rafisa A, Tjahajawati S, Regiana Friandina A, Nur Atsila Putri Laksana I, Zubaedah C. Salivary Calcium Level and Its Correlation with Salivary pH, Salivary Volume, and Calcium Intake in Hypertensive Female Patients with Different Blood Sugar Levels. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022 Dec 30;12(6):577-82.
- Abstract Viewed: 243 times
- PDF Downloaded: 66 times