Nafas Journal

1) Melén E, Zar HJ, Siroux V, Shaw D, Saglani S, Koppelman GH, et al. Asthma inception: epidemiologic risk factors and natural history across the life course. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024;210(6):737-54. doi:10.1164/rccm.202312-2249SO.

2) Sinha A, Darshna P. The impact of psychological distress on asthma outcomes: a comprehensive review of anxiety, depression, and stress. J Stud Res [Internet]. 2024 Aug 31 [cited 2026 Feb 22];13(3). Available from: https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/7688

3) Bishwajit G, Tang S, Yaya S, Feng Z. Burden of asthma, dyspnea, and chronic cough in South Asia. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1093-9. doi:10.2147/COPD.S133148.

4) Lewthwaite H, Gibson PG, Guerrero PDU, Smith A, Clark VL, Vertigan AE, et al. Understanding breathlessness burden and psychophysiological correlates in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024;12(10):2754-63.e17. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2024.06.019.

5) Soliman A, Abdelsamee MY, et al. Correlation between dyspnea, risk of falling and quality of life in different age groups. Fizjoterapia Polska. 2024; 24(5); 239-246.

6) Ekström M, Bornefalk H, Sköld M, Janson C, Blomberg A, Sandberg J, et al. Validation of the Swedish multidimensional dyspnea profile (MDP) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2019;6(1). doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000381.

7) Márki G, Bokor A, Rigó J, Rigó A. Physical pain and emotion regulation as the main predictive factors of health-related quality of life in women living with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(7):1432-8. https://doi:10.1093/humrep/dex091.

8) Khatun H. Using the methacholine challenge to determine how psychological mechanisms impact asthma symptom perception and quality of life [doctoral thesis]. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2017.

9) Bakshi S, Puar S, Bose PP. The Sisyphean breath: role of anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance in dyspnea among adults with asthma and COPD. J Asthma. 2025;62(1):64-72. https://doi:10.1080/02770903.2024.2387739.

10) Bas Uluyol O, Senyasar Meterelliyoz K. The Relationship Between Anxiety Symptoms, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Emotional Schemas in Patients Admitted to Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Galician Medical Journal. 2023;30(4):e-GMJ2023-A03. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21802/e-GMJ2023-A03

11) Rajabi, S. Anxiety Sensitivity, Perfectionism, Loneliness and Self-esteem of elderly with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression. Aging Psychology, 2018; 4(2): 119-129.

12) Li S, Li X. The relationship between attentional bias, anxiety sensitivity, and depression and anxiety symptoms: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:832819. https://doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.832819.

13) Bagheri Sheykhangafshe F, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Savabi Niri V, Otadi S, Rezaei Golezani H. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy on coping strategies and anxiety sensitivity of patients with COVID-19 obsession. J Res Health. 2023;13(1):41-50. Available from: http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2116-en.html

14) Ţîrcă SM, Ciontea MS, Vlad E, Mihălţan FD. A clinical trial of the relationship between anxiety and lung function and respiratory symptoms in patients with asthma, COPD and COPD-asthma. Assessment of life quality. Internal Medicine. 2022;19(1):19-42. https://doi:10.2478/inmed-2022-0195.

15) Bramanti A, Pessolano C, Garofano M, Maglio A, Ciccarelli M, Budaci L, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic pulmonary diseases: a systematic review of effects on anxiety, depression, stress, dyspnea, and quality of life. Bioengineering. 2025;12(9):931. https://doi:10.3390/bioengineering12090931.

16) Gkintoni E, Vassilopoulos SP, Nikolaou G. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in clinical practice: a systematic review of neurocognitive outcomes and applications for mental health and well-being. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1703. https://doi:10.3390/jcm14051703.

17) Wagner C, Cáceres-Melillo R. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a literature review. Salud Ment. 2023;46(1):35-42.

18) Chang YC, Tseng TA, Lin GM, et al. Immediate impact of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) among women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23:331. https://doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02486-x.

19) The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing anxiety and depression of patients with asthma. Zanko J Med Sci [Internet]. 2018;19(62):70-83. Available from: http://zanko.muk.ac.ir/article-1-391-fa.html

20) McLeish AC, Kraemer KM, O'Bryan EM. Discomfort intolerance in relation to asthma outcomes. Cogn Ther Res. 2019;43(1):24-31. doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9965-y.

21) Dizaj Khalili M, Makvand Hosseini S, Sabahi P. Effects of mindfulness based cognitive therapy on anxiety sensitivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2023;12(1):e132672. https://doi:10.5812/jjcdc-132672

22) Zamani F, Ilali E S, Elyasi F, Nadi Ghara A A, Taraghi Z. Effect of Guided Imagery on Fatigue and Asthma Control in Older Adults. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2021; 31 (202):96-105 URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-16925-fa.html

23) Delavar A. Experimental designs in psychology and educational sciences [In Persian]. Tehran: Samt; 2017.

24) Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.

25) Pfeiffer KA, Pivarnik JM, Womack CJ, Reeves MJ, Malina RM. Reliability and validity of the Borg and OMNI rating of perceived exertion scales in adolescent girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(12):2057–2061. https://doi:10.1097/00005768-200212000-00029

26) Borg G. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–381.

27) Kausar S, Rida e Zehra S, Latif A, Jafferi SA, Fatima Hussain SN, Azim SN, Naz F, Ahsan I, Bhatti P. Prevalence of different severities of hypoxia in COVID 19 patients admitted in critical care unit. Int J Anesth Clin Med. 2020;8(2):62–64. https://doi:10.11648/j.ijacm.20200802.16

28) Flampouraris V, Kalinoglou S, Kandreviotou S, Raitsiou B, Kokolaki M, Tsiafaki X. Assessment of dyspnoea in COVID 19 patients using modified Borg scale. Signa Vitae. 2021;17(S1):37–37. https://doi:10.22514/sv.2021.182

29) Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Rajaee‑Fard AR. Validation of Borg’s RPE 6–20 scale in male industrial workers of Shiraz city based on heart rate. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2012;11(1):1–10.

30) Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2003.

31) Moradi Manesh F, Mir Jafari SA, Goudarzi MA, Mohammadi N. Psychometric properties of the revised Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASIR). Ravanshenasi (Psychology). 2007;11(4):426–446. Persian

32) Taylor S, Cox BJ. Anxiety sensitivity: multiple dimensions and hierarchic structure. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(1):37–51. https://doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00063-2.

33) Malpass A, Feder G, Dodd JW. Understanding changes in dyspnoea perception in obstructive lung disease after mindfulness training. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2018;5(1). https://doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000309.

34) Bousso A, Chuffart C, Leroy M, Gicquello A, Cottereau A, Hennegrave F, et al. Severity and phenotypes of dyspnea in asthma: impact of comorbidities. Respir Med. 2023:107276. https://doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107276.

35) Gao B, Wang S, Jiang S. The occurrence mechanism, assessment, and non-pharmacological treatment of dyspnea. Med Rev (2021). 2024;4(5):395-412. https://doi:10.1515/mr-2024-0006.