Imaging Study of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Journal of Pediatric Nephrology,
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022),
1 October 2022
,
Page 55-58
https://doi.org/10.22037/jpn.v10i2.38245
Abstract
Different radiologic and radionuclide cystography studies have been suggested to
detect and follow up vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children, with conflicting results.
Conventional voiding cystourethrography seems the preferred method to evaluate
urinary tract abnormality, voiding dysfunction, and accurate grading of VUR. However,
radioisotopic cystography is a preferred method to evaluate VUR in women, patients
without voiding dysfunction, and re-evaluate VUR.
Keywords:
- Vesicoureteral Reflux
- Cystography
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Child
How to Cite
1.
Honarpisheh P, Nikavar A. Imaging Study of Vesicoureteral Reflux. J Ped Nephrol [Internet]. 2022 Jun. 11 [cited 2026 Jul. 8];10(2):55-8. Available from: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jpn/article/view/38245
References
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associated lipocalin in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020;
52(4):599-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02355-3.]
[2]. Darge K, Riedmiller H. Current status of vesicoureteral reflux diagnosis. World J Urol.
2004;22(2):88–95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-004-0404-1].
[3]. Lee LC, Lorenzo AJ, Koyle MA. The role of voiding cystourethrography in the investigation
of children with urinary tract infections. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016;10(5–6):210–4.
[DOI:10.5489/cuaj.3610].
[4]. Zorc JJ, Kiddoo DA, Shaw KN. Diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract
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[5]. Kleinman PK, Diamond DA, Karellas A, Spevak MR, Nimkin K, Belanger P. Tailored low-
dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for the reevaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in
girls. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(5):1151–4. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.162.5.8166001].
[6]. Saraga M, Staničić A, Marković V. The role of direct radionuclide cystography in evaluation
of vesicoureteral reflux. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1996;30(5):367–71. [DOI:
10.3109/00365599609181312].
[7]. Unver T, Alpay H, Biyikli NK, Ones T. Comparison of direct radionuclide cystography and
voiding cystourethrography in detecting vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Int. 2006;48(3):287–91.
[DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02206.x].
[8]. Lim R. Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infection: evolving practices and current
controversies in pediatric imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(5):1197–208. [DOI:
10.2214/AJR.08.2187].
[9]. Goldman M, Lahat E, Strauss S, Reisler G, Livne A, Gordin L, et al. Imaging after urinary
Tract infection in male neonates.Pediatrics.2000;105(6):1232–5.[DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.6.1232].
[10]. Fettich J, Colarinha P, Fischer S, Hahn K, Porn U, Froekier J, et al. Guidelines for direct
radionuclide cystography. Nuklearmediziner. 2002;25(2):106–11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-
1137-x].
[11]. De Sadeleer C, De Boe V, Keuppens F, Desprechins B, Verboven M, Piepsz A. How good
is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine indirect cystography? Eur J Nucl Med.
1994;21(3):223–7. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00188670].
[12]. Kogan SJ, Sigler L, Levitt SB, Reda EF, Weiss R, Greifer I. Elusive vesicoureteral reflux in
children with normal contrast cystograms. J Urol. 1986;136(1):325–8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-
5347(17)44855-5].
[13]. Dalirani R, Mahyar A, Sharifian M, Mohkam M, Esfandiar N, Ghehsareh Ardestani A. The
value of direct radionuclide cystography in the detection of vesicoureteral reflux in children with
normal voiding cystourethrography. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(12):2341–5. [DOI:10.1007/s00467-014-2871-y].
[14]. Poli-Merol M-L, Francois S, Pfliger F, Lefebvre F, Roussel B, Liehn J, et al. Interest of
direct radionuclide cystography in repeated urinary tract infection exploration in childhood.
Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1999 Jan 1;8:339–42. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1071228].
[15]. Sükan A, Bayazit AK, Kibar M, Noyan A, Soyupak S, Yapar Z, et al. Comparison of direct
radionuclide cystography and voiding direct cystography in the detection of vesicoureteral
reflux. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17(7):549–53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02206.x].
[16]. Piscitelli A, Galiano R, Serrao F, Concolino D, Vitale R, D'Ambrosio G, Pascale
V, Strisciuglio P. Which cystography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux?
Pediatr Nephrol. 2008 Jan;23(1):107-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0651-7. [DOI:
10.1007/s00467- 007-0651-7].
[17]. Perisinakis K, Raissaki M, Damilakis J, Stratakis J, Neratzoulakis J, Gourtosyiannis N.
Fluoroscopy- controlled voiding cystourethrography in infants and children: are the radioation
risks trivial? Eur Radiol. 2006;16 (4): 846-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-005-0072-6].
[18]. Fettich J, Colarinha P, Fischer S, Frökier J, Gordon I, Hahn K, et al. Guidelines for direct
radionuclide cystography in children. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(5):B39–44. [DOI:
10.1007/s00259-003-1137-x].
[19]. Dave S, Khoury AE. Diagnostic approach to reflux in 2007. Adv Urol. 2008;2008: 367320.
[DOI: 10.1155/2008/367320].
[20]. Medina LS, Aguirre E, Altman NR. Vesicoureteral reflux imaging in children: comparative
cost analysis. Acad Radiol. 2003;10(2):139–44. [DOI: 10.1155/2008/367320].
[21]. Pauchard J-Y, Chehade H, Kies CZ, Girardin E, Cachat F, Gehri M. Avoidance of voiding
cystourethrography in infants younger than 3 months with Escherichia coli urinary tract infection
and normal renal ultrasound. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(9):804–8. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-
2016-311587].
associated lipocalin in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020;
52(4):599-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02355-3.]
[2]. Darge K, Riedmiller H. Current status of vesicoureteral reflux diagnosis. World J Urol.
2004;22(2):88–95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-004-0404-1].
[3]. Lee LC, Lorenzo AJ, Koyle MA. The role of voiding cystourethrography in the investigation
of children with urinary tract infections. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016;10(5–6):210–4.
[DOI:10.5489/cuaj.3610].
[4]. Zorc JJ, Kiddoo DA, Shaw KN. Diagnosis and management of pediatric urinary tract
infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(2):417–22. [DOI: 10.1128/CMR.18.2.417-422.2005].
[5]. Kleinman PK, Diamond DA, Karellas A, Spevak MR, Nimkin K, Belanger P. Tailored low-
dose fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography for the reevaluation of vesicoureteral reflux in
girls. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(5):1151–4. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.162.5.8166001].
[6]. Saraga M, Staničić A, Marković V. The role of direct radionuclide cystography in evaluation
of vesicoureteral reflux. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1996;30(5):367–71. [DOI:
10.3109/00365599609181312].
[7]. Unver T, Alpay H, Biyikli NK, Ones T. Comparison of direct radionuclide cystography and
voiding cystourethrography in detecting vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Int. 2006;48(3):287–91.
[DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02206.x].
[8]. Lim R. Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infection: evolving practices and current
controversies in pediatric imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(5):1197–208. [DOI:
10.2214/AJR.08.2187].
[9]. Goldman M, Lahat E, Strauss S, Reisler G, Livne A, Gordin L, et al. Imaging after urinary
Tract infection in male neonates.Pediatrics.2000;105(6):1232–5.[DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.6.1232].
[10]. Fettich J, Colarinha P, Fischer S, Hahn K, Porn U, Froekier J, et al. Guidelines for direct
radionuclide cystography. Nuklearmediziner. 2002;25(2):106–11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-
1137-x].
[11]. De Sadeleer C, De Boe V, Keuppens F, Desprechins B, Verboven M, Piepsz A. How good
is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine indirect cystography? Eur J Nucl Med.
1994;21(3):223–7. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00188670].
[12]. Kogan SJ, Sigler L, Levitt SB, Reda EF, Weiss R, Greifer I. Elusive vesicoureteral reflux in
children with normal contrast cystograms. J Urol. 1986;136(1):325–8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-
5347(17)44855-5].
[13]. Dalirani R, Mahyar A, Sharifian M, Mohkam M, Esfandiar N, Ghehsareh Ardestani A. The
value of direct radionuclide cystography in the detection of vesicoureteral reflux in children with
normal voiding cystourethrography. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(12):2341–5. [DOI:10.1007/s00467-014-2871-y].
[14]. Poli-Merol M-L, Francois S, Pfliger F, Lefebvre F, Roussel B, Liehn J, et al. Interest of
direct radionuclide cystography in repeated urinary tract infection exploration in childhood.
Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1999 Jan 1;8:339–42. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1071228].
[15]. Sükan A, Bayazit AK, Kibar M, Noyan A, Soyupak S, Yapar Z, et al. Comparison of direct
radionuclide cystography and voiding direct cystography in the detection of vesicoureteral
reflux. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17(7):549–53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02206.x].
[16]. Piscitelli A, Galiano R, Serrao F, Concolino D, Vitale R, D'Ambrosio G, Pascale
V, Strisciuglio P. Which cystography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux?
Pediatr Nephrol. 2008 Jan;23(1):107-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0651-7. [DOI:
10.1007/s00467- 007-0651-7].
[17]. Perisinakis K, Raissaki M, Damilakis J, Stratakis J, Neratzoulakis J, Gourtosyiannis N.
Fluoroscopy- controlled voiding cystourethrography in infants and children: are the radioation
risks trivial? Eur Radiol. 2006;16 (4): 846-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-005-0072-6].
[18]. Fettich J, Colarinha P, Fischer S, Frökier J, Gordon I, Hahn K, et al. Guidelines for direct
radionuclide cystography in children. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(5):B39–44. [DOI:
10.1007/s00259-003-1137-x].
[19]. Dave S, Khoury AE. Diagnostic approach to reflux in 2007. Adv Urol. 2008;2008: 367320.
[DOI: 10.1155/2008/367320].
[20]. Medina LS, Aguirre E, Altman NR. Vesicoureteral reflux imaging in children: comparative
cost analysis. Acad Radiol. 2003;10(2):139–44. [DOI: 10.1155/2008/367320].
[21]. Pauchard J-Y, Chehade H, Kies CZ, Girardin E, Cachat F, Gehri M. Avoidance of voiding
cystourethrography in infants younger than 3 months with Escherichia coli urinary tract infection
and normal renal ultrasound. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(9):804–8. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-
2016-311587].
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