Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences

Introduction: Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) is considered a facile and green method for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) with no byproducts formed during the synthesis process. Compared to other traditional treatment strategies, photothermal therapy (PTT) is considered a powerful alternative anti-tumor treatment methods. Ag/TiO2 core-shell NPs were determined as a photothermal agent in the NIR-II window in the biomedical field. The anti-tumor effect (in vitro) and safety study (in vivo) of Ag/TiO2 core-shell NPs were conducted in the current study.
Methods: TiO2 nanoparticle colloid was prepared by PLAL using a fiber laser (1060 nm), In order to achieve a nanoparticle core-shell, Ag NPs were added to the as-prepared nanoparticle colloid. The anti-tumor effect of the produced Ag/TiO2 core-shell NPs, in D.W. and PBS as solvents, was investigated against the AMJ13 cell line both with and without using the laser at 1060 nm as the ablation source for the PTT in vitro. Also, histopathological changes following a single injection of the Ag/TiO2 in mice were evaluated.
Results: In vitro results showed that the Ag/TiO2 in PBS had anti-breast cancer cell line compared with REF normal cell line, while Ag/TiO2 that was prepared in D.W. was biocompatible. Therefore, the anti-tumor potential impact of Ag/TiO2 on PBS was selected to be tested as a photothermal agent in vitro. Interestingly, the results of the in vivo study showed Ag/TiO2 no significant histopathological changes on mouse tissue. Moreover, the PTT study demonstrated that the best working laser parameters were 5W within 5 minutes, which achieved more than 57% inhibition percentage of tumor cell growth compared to the non-irradiated cancer cells.
Conclusion: Ag/TiO2 core-shell nanoparticle is concluded to be a promising PTT agent in the NIR-II window against the AMJ13 breast cancer cell line, and it was safe on normal tissue in vivo. 

Introduction: Laser enucleation has become a preferred surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), especially for large prostates and patients unable to discontinue anticoagulation. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the efficacy and safety of Thulium Fiber Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (ThuFLEP) and Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).
Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published up to February 2025. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing ThuFLEP and HoLEP in adult males with BPH. Outcomes included symptom scores (IPSS), urinary flow (Qmax), quality of life (QoL), post-void residual (PVR), enucleation time, operative time, enucleation efficiency, and complications. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Data were synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis models.
Results: Eleven studies were included. IPSS, QoL, PVR, total operative time, and complications showed no significant differences between groups. HoLEP showed a significantly greater Qmax improvement at 3 months (mean difference -1.25 mL/s; 95% CI -1.847 to -0.653) and shorter enucleation time (mean difference 7.654 min; 95% CI 0.362 to 14.947), though the clinical relevance was limited. No significant differences were observed in enucleation efficiency or urinary incontinence rates. Study limitations included heterogeneity in laser settings and surgical technique, limited RCTs, and a lack of long-term follow-up.
Conclusion: ThuFLEP and HoLEP are comparable in efficacy and safety for prostate enucleation in BPH patients. While HoLEP showed modest advantages in specific operative metrics, the clinical impact appears minimal. TFL represents a viable alternative in the surgical management of BPH.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate laser irradiation therapy as a potential non-invasive treatment for breast cancer, introducing a promising alternative with the potential for the selective inhibition of cancerous cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
Methods: In this study, the utilization of cell culture stands out as an excellent methodology for evaluating both the effects and dosage of a given treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the selective effect of low-level near-infrared (NIR) laser at an 808 nm wavelength, along with single and double irradiation with 5-minute intervals, on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells and human foreskin fibroblasts (Hs-27) cells using different laser powers and exposure times. The experiment involved exposing both cell lines to an NIR laser at 25, 43, 120, and 300 mW for 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Cell viability was assessed via the MTT assay.
Results: The outcomes revealed disparate responses in both cell types used in this study. The double irradiation procedure with a 15-minute exposure at 25, 43, 120, and 300 mW displayed the most inhibition of cancer cell growth among the applied durations. Notably, using 300 mW during 15-minute double irradiation resulted in the highest cancer cell growth inhibition at 4.67%. Conversely, normal cells showed enhanced proliferation across most powers and exposure times applied. However, a considerable reduction in the cell viability of normal cells was evident following 15-minute double irradiation at 300 mW. This indicates that normal cells have been negatively affected by this power. Caution is advised.
Conclusion: The results suggest that NIR laser therapy at 808 nm with different output powers and exposure times significantly inhibits MDA-MB-231 cells, and this approach exhibits promising potential for inducing cancer cell death.

Introduction: Testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) causes ischemia–reperfusion injury that disrupts spermatogenesis mainly through oxidative stress. Photobiomodulation (PBM), known for its antioxidant effects, may counteract such damage. However, its efficacy in T/D injury remains unclear. This study evaluated the potential of PBM to improve sperm quality, testicular structure, and redox balance.
Methods: Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Sham (scrotal incision without torsion), T/D (left testis rotated 720° for 2 hours followed by detorsion), and T/D+PBM (T/D followed by transscrotal laser therapy). PBM was administered using an 810-nm diode laser at 100 mW, delivering 2 J/cm² per session for 20 seconds daily over six consecutive days. Epididymal sperm and testicular tissues were collected to assess sperm parameters, histological features, and oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde.
Results: T/D reduced sperm motility, viability (P<0.0001), and count (P<0.05). Histological analysis revealed decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial thickness. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities were diminished, whereas lipid peroxidation levels increased (P<0.001). PBM intervention improved sperm motility and viability, restored seminiferous tubule architecture, and re-established the testicular redox balance by enhancing antioxidant defense and reducing lipid peroxidation (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicate that PBM effectively attenuates testicular damage induced by T/D by enhancing antioxidant defenses and restoring redox homeostasis. PBM promoted spermatogenic recovery, improved sperm quality, and preserved seminiferous tubule architecture following ischemia-reperfusion injury. These results highlight PBM as a promising, noninvasive adjunctive strategy for protecting male reproductive function after testicular ischemia insults.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of propolis for an intracanal medicament in combination with an Nd: YAG laser against the biofilm of persistent endodontic pathogens: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.
Methods: One hundred and sixty-five extracted human premolars were included. Monospecies of four-week biofilms were cultured in root canals after the teeth were prepared chemomechanically. Specimens were treated with calcium hydroxide for 24 hours (G1), propolis for 24 hours (G2), Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 1.5 w, 15 Hz, 100 mJ/pulse, 200 µm endodontic fiber tip) (G3), propolis medicament followed by Nd:YAG laser (G4), and normal saline as the control group (G5). Dentin chips were obtained with Gates-Glidden #5, 6 and inoculated onto agar plates for microbial growth. The antimicrobial efficacy of each group was evaluated by quantifying the number of colony-forming units. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (P value<0.05).
Results: All investigated groups reduced the bacterial count compared to normal saline (P value<0.05). Propolis (0.23±0.58, 0.00±0.00, 1.34±1.12 for E.f, S.a, and C.a., respectively) and Nd: YAG laser (3.19±0.51, 3.21±0.37, 3.29±0.52 for E.f, S.a, and C.a., respectively) were more effective in the reduction of all three pathogens during 24 hours, compared to calcium hydroxide (P value<0.05). The application of propolis, followed by the Nd: YAG laser, resulted in the complete elimination of E. faecalis and S. aureus and a significant reduction in C. albicans (0.60±0.96) (P value<0.05).
Conclusion: Propolis alone or in combination with the Nd: YAG laser at low powers is highly effective against endodontic pathogens in comparison with conventional calcium hydroxide medicament.

Introduction: This study examines the antibacterial capabilities of Moringa oleifera green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-MO), in combination with UV light and a blue laser set at 405 nm, against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Higher concentrations of AgNPs-MO enhanced the antimicrobial activity when exposed to both light treatments. The findings suggest that Moringa oleifera-derived photosensitizers improve the efficacy of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy, offering an eco-friendly approach for enhanced infection control.
Methods: The experimental design comprised four groups: three bacterial groups (A1/A2 and A3/A4) exposed to laser irradiation at varying concentrations and durations of silver nanoparticles, and a control group (T0) that was not exposed to laser irradiation. A photosensitizer produced from Moringa oleifera was also administered to bacteria in groups A2 and A4, and different laser exposure durations were then applied. After incubation, bacterial colonies were measured with a Quebec colony counter.
Results: Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA factorial test and post-hoc Tukey test revealed significant reductions in bacterial viability. E. coli exhibited viability reductions of 70.90%, 76.44%, and 79.87% with mmol L-1, mmol L-1.5, and mmol L-2 AgNPs-MO after 180 seconds of laser exposure, respectively. Similarly, S. aureus showed viability reductions of 97.48%, 95.94%, and 94.72% under the same conditions.
Conclusion: At an energy density of 3.44 J/cm2, our approach demonstrated notable efficacy, achieving a 79.87% ± 1.92% inactivation of E. coli and a 97.48% ± 0.78% inactivation of S. aureus. This study suggests promising applications for the combined use of a blue laser, UV radiation, silver nanoparticles, and Moringa oleifera extract in combating infectious bacteria.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy, as an efficient and safe method, has attracted the attention of experts. This therapeutic method is based on the application of photosensitizers and light radiation. This study was designed to assess the possible molecular mechanism of rhodium nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of proteomic data from the literature.
Methods: Proteomic data about rhodium nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy effect on the HeLa cell line proteome were retrieved from the literature and were included in the CluePedia application of Cytoscape software to create a directed PPI network. The network was analyzed, and the crucial targeted proteins were identified and compared with genes in GeneCards for “HeLa cell line” and “cervical cancer”. The common gene and protein were
selected and discussed.
Results: A directed PPI network of 105 proteins was formed. Six sub-networks were selected for further investigation. Comparison of the PPI data and the genes from the GeneCards database led
to the introduction of HLA-B, CYCS, CD44, HSPB1, and RBBP4 as the critical targeted proteins by the applied treatment.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a sub-network including HLA-B, CYCS, CD44, and HSPB1 and another sub-network containing RBBP4 and its neighbors were highlighted as the core of molecular effects of the applied rhodium nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy.

Introduction: Currently, the main focus of caries control measures is on methods for early
detection and non-invasive treatment of incipient lesions. The present study aimed to compare
the efficacy of a toothpaste containing Actimins and an Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the microhardness
of demineralized enamel.
Methods: Forty maxillary and mandibular primary posterior teeth with sound buccal or lingual surfaces were evaluated in this in vitro study. After measuring their baseline microhardness, the teeth were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 48 hours, and their microhardness was measured again. The teeth were then randomly divided into 5 groups of negative control (artificial saliva), positive control [1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF)], Actimins, Er,Cr:YSGG laser (0.75 W power, 20 Hz frequency, 60% water, 40% air, and 60 s pulse duration), and Actimins plus Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and underwent microhardness measurement for the third time after the intervention. The microhardness data were compared by an ANOVA and a Bonferroni test with the significance level set at 0.05.
Results: The toothpaste containing 5% Actimins and the Er, Cr: YSGG laser significantly enhanced the remineralization of primary enamel incipient lesions. The lowest mean microhardness at baseline, after demineralization, and after remineralization was noted in the artificial saliva group. No significant difference was found in microhardness between the groups at baseline or after demineralization (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, the toothpaste containing 5% Actimins and the Er,Cr:YSGG laser significantly enhanced the remineralization of primary enamel incipient lesions.

Introduction: The goal of this investigation was to examine how various surface preparation techniques affect the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of resin cement to zirconia restorations.
Methods: 120 samples of zirconia ceramic disks in eight categories (10 x 3 mm) were randomly selected: 1. Control group (no surface treatments), 2. AL₂O₃ particle sandblasting, 3. 2.5 W Nd/ YAG laser, 4. 3 W Nd/YAG laser, 5. Sandblasting plus 2.5 W Nd/YAG laser, 6. Sandblasting plus 3 W Nd/YAG laser, 7. 40% Hydrofluoric acid (HF), and 8. Sandblasting plus 40% HF. The analysis of one sample from each group was done using scanning. PANAVIA F2 dual-cure resin cement was then used to attach the samples to the composite resin. After thermocycling, the present researchers conducted the shear bond strength test utilizing the universal testing machine. The data were statistically evaluated using the Welch and Games-Howell tests, with a significance threshold of 0.05.
Results: A statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was seen between the SBS of the control and other groups. Comparison of SBS values with other groups revealed no statistically significant differences, except when compared to the control group (P>0.05). Sandblasting with HF acid
etching had the greatest SBS, measuring 13.04 MPa. Among all groups, the SBS value was lowest in the control group (3.85 MPa). In terms of fracture type, the control group experienced more adhesive fractures. In the sandblasting and 3 W laser groups, the mixed and adhesive fractures were equal, and the mixed fracture was the most common type in the other groups.
Conclusion: The greatest SBS was obtained by sandblasting combined with etching. Nevertheless, this disparity was not statistically significant. In all groups but the control group, the SBS was not statistically significant.

Introduction: This study evaluated morphological and structural changes in extracted human dentin following irradiation with a pulsed tunable TEA-CO2 laser (9–11 μm) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ablation rate was quantitatively determined at different wavelengths and pulse numbers while assessing preservation of dentinal tubules.
Methods: Nearly flat dentin specimens were irradiated at four wavelengths (9.3, 9.6, 10.3, and 10.6 μm) with a constant energy density of 7.36 J/cm², pulse width of 200 ns, and repetition rate of 1 Hz. Samples were grouped by cooling method (air or water) and exposed to 1, 5, 10, 20, or 30 pulses. Surface morphology was examined by optical microscopy and SEM. Single-pulse ablation depth and ablation rate (μm/pulse) were measured using a profilometer under sub-threshold thermal damage conditions. Dentinal tubule occlusion after single-shot irradiation was compared with untreated dentin controls.
Results: Air-cooled samples exhibited thermal damage, including carbonization and cracking. SEM analysis showed that water cooling led to greater thermal damage at high pulse numbers, particularly at wavelengths near 9 μm, corresponding to strong hydroxyapatite absorption and a lower ablation threshold. Up to 10 pulses, no cracks or peripheral thermal damage were observed at any wavelength. For single-pulse irradiation, the greatest ablation depth occurred at 10.3 μm with complete tubule occlusion, followed by 9.6 μm. At five pulses, maximum ablation depth was again observed at 10.3 μm (complete occlusion) and 9.3 μm (partial occlusion).
Conclusion: These findings indicate that appropriate selection of wavelength, pulse number, and cooling method enables controlled dentin removal using a pulsed TEA-CO2 laser without peripheral tissue damage. Wavelength-dependent absorption and cooling conditions are critical for optimizing ablation efficiency while preserving dentinal tubule integrity.

Introduction: Radiotherapy (RT) is a primary treatment for head and neck cancers (HNCs). However, it can lead to acute and chronic side effects that diminish patients’ quality of life. RT-induced radiation can damage tissues and alter the oral microbiota. Multiple studies indicate that the oral microbiota significantly influences the development of these complications.
Methods: This research aims to examine how radiotherapy affects the oral microbiota thoroughly, explore the link between these changes and clinical issues, and evaluate strategies for prevention and management.
Results: RT damages salivary glands and the oral mucosa, leading to xerostomia (dry mouth) and oral mucositis. These physical and chemical changes alter the oral environment, resulting in dysbiosis. This dysbiosis is characterized by reduced microbial diversity and an increase in pathogenic species, including cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, as well as inflammatory bacteria such as Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans. The review suggests that this dysbiotic profile may significantly contribute to the worsening of oral mucositis (through inflammatory and LPS-dependent pathways), promote radiation-induced caries (due to increased xerostomia and acidogenic bacteria), elevate the risk of oropharyngeal candidiasis, and play a role in osteoradionecrosis development.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that the oral microbiota is not just a secondary factor in RT-induced damage but plays an active role in worsening RT-related side effects. Gaining a precise understanding of the oral microbiota as a potential therapeutic target is crucial, and incorporating oral microbiology into oncology protocols can greatly enhance patients’ quality of life and pave the way for new approaches in cancer supportive care.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is one of the alternatives to opioid analgesics to reduce post-operative pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate, short-term, and longterm effects of PBM on chronic post-surgical pain after tympanomastoidectomy.
Methods: A total of 138 subjects who had undergone tympanomastoidectomy were selected randomly and divided into two groups: PBM and control. Patients in the PBM group (n=64) received laser therapy (energy density of 8 j/cm2 , wavelength of 980 nm, and power of 50 mW in 8 points behind the ear during ten sessions every day) with routine drug therapy, while patients in the control group (n=64) received only routine drug therapy (Dexamethasone, cephalexin 500 mg, acetaminophen 500 mg). The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the headache subscale of the neck disability index (NDI) were provided to both groups to assess pain intensity before the intervention, after sessions one and five, and at one- and three-month follow-ups. The between-group comparison was made through the Mann-Whitney U test, and the within-group comparison was performed using the Friedman test with pairwise comparisons.
Results: No significant differences in all variables were observed between the two groups at baseline (P>0.05). The between-group comparison showed significantly lower VAS scores in PBM compared to the control group at all four time points of the study, resulting in a very large effect size at session 5, month 1, and month 3. Also, the PBM group had significantly lower NDI scores at session 5, month 1, and month 3 (P<0.001). The effect size was large at session 5 and very large thereafter.
Conclusion: The combined effects of PBM and drugs may reduce pain intensity in short-term and long-term follow-ups in patients after tympanomastoidectomy. Nevertheless, PBM did not show immediate effects on pain.

Introduction: Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are life threatening inflammatory conditions characterized by neutrophil recruitment, cytokine storm, and disruption of ventilatory mechanics. Despite advances in supportive care, effective pharmacological therapies remain limited. Photobiomodulation (PBM), using different light spectra, including LED and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has shown potential anti-inflammatory and tissue-regenerative effects. However, the specific impact of PBM on acute lung inflammation is not fully established.
Methods: This experimental study involved 288 male Wistar rats subjected to tracheal instillation of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce acute lung injury. Animals were allocated to control and treatment groups receiving 430 nm LED, 660 nm red laser, or 808 nm infrared laser. After 24 hours, ventilatory mechanics (resistance, viscosity, elastance, and hysteresivity) were assessed through mechanical ventilation. Lung tissue was analyzed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) by RT-qPCR, and histological alterations.
Results: Among the phototherapies, the 660 nm red laser was the only intervention capable of significantly reducing all parameters of ventilatory mechanics, MPO activity, and inflammatory cytokines, with histological evidence of attenuated neutrophil infiltration, reduced alveolar wall thickening, and decreased pulmonary edema. The 430 nm LED attenuated only selective cytokines without histological or mechanical benefits, while the 808 nm infrared laser reduced TNF-α and IL-6 with partial histological improvement but no effect on lung mechanics.
Conclusion: PBM with a 660 nm red laser effectively modulated the inflammatory cascade in LPS induced ALI, reducing the cytokine storm and improving ventilatory function with histological evidence of lung protection. These findings highlight PBM as a potential adjuvant therapy for acute lung inflammation.

Introduction: Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), as an anticancer reagent, can absorb near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths in phototherapy. In the present study, the synergic effect of MoS2 (in nanostructure) and NIR radiation on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was evaluated via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. 
Methods: Gene expression profiles of hMSCs were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed via PPI network analysis. The validity of findings was assessed via the Kaplan-Meier Plotter.
Results: FN1, ACTA2, CCL2, CXCL8, FBN1, and LEP genes were selected as hub genes among 121 recognized differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as the targeted genes by the synergic effects of MoS2 and NIR radiation. Kaplan-Meier Plotter analysis demonstrated that FN1 suppression by MoS2 and NIR radiation can significantly increase the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and myeloma.
Conclusion: In conclusion, findings indicate that the anticancer property of MoS2 is intensified in the condition of NIR radiation. Therefore, MoS2 is a suitable photosensitizer reagent in photodynamic therapy.

Introduction: Pregnancy tumors, also known as pyogenic granulomas or granuloma gravidarum, are benign vascular lesions commonly seen in the oral cavity of pregnant women. Though noncancerous, they tend to grow rapidly, causing bleeding, pain, aesthetic concerns, and functional interference. Their development is linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy and local irritants like plaque or trauma. Traditional surgical removal can lead to discomfort and significant bleeding. This study aims to demonstrate a successful, minimally invasive management of a pregnancy tumor using a soft tissue diode laser, supported by a literature review highlighting this modality’s benefits.
Methods: This report presents a case involving a 27-year-old pregnant woman in her second trimester with a growing gingival lesion on the labial gingiva near the left maxillary premolars. Clinical assessment identified it as a pregnancy tumor. The lesion was excised using a 980 nm diode laser (Dr. Smile, Wiser) in continuous wave (CW) mode with a 400 μm initiated fiber, under local anesthesia. Due to effective haemostasis, sutures were unnecessary. The excised tissue was sent for histopathological analysis to confirm the diagnosis.
Results: Laser excision was performed without intraoperative bleeding or suturing. Postoperatively, the patient experienced minimal discomfort, and healing was rapid with complete tissue regeneration by the third week. Histopathology confirmed pyogenic granuloma. The laser facilitated excellent bleeding control, minimized trauma, and enhanced patient comfort.
Conclusion: Diode laser excision is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for pregnancy tumors. It offers significant advantages—reduced bleeding, less postoperative pain, faster healing, and higher patient satisfaction—over conventional surgical methods. The literature from 2000 to 2025 supports the reliability of diode lasers in managing oral soft tissue lesions during pregnancy.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and combined therapies have recently attracted attention due to their potentially beneficial antimicrobial, analgesic, and regenerative properties in dentistry. Although PBM and PDT have been extensively studied separately, evidence regarding their combined application is limited. This study aimed to systematically review studies employing combined PBM + PDT protocols in dental and oral applications.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, DOAJ, and Google Scholar (2021–2025) identified original studies using combined PBM and PDT. Inclusion criteria: dentalrelated PBM + PDT, clear dosimetric parameters, English, primary research. Exclusion: PBMonly, PDT-only, non-dental studies, insufficient parameters Inclusion criteria: dental-related PBM and PDT; clearly reported dosimetric parameters; English language; primary research.
Results: Eight studies met eligibility criteria. Applications included oral mucositis management, orthodontic acceleration, endodontic disinfection, oral lesion therapy, antimicrobial modulation, and regenerative endodontics. Combined PBM + PDT demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity, reduced inflammatory markers, accelerated wound healing, and improved patientreported outcomes compared with single-modality treatments.
Conclusion: PBM + PDT shows synergistic therapeutic potential across multiple dental fields. Despite promising outcomes, heterogeneity in parameters remains a limitation. Standardized protocols and high-quality clinical trials are required.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM), utilizing low-level light, has shown significant potential in differentiating adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) into neuronal cells. Critical studies have shown that specific laser parameters, such as wavelength and fluence, significantly impact the trans-differentiation outcomes of immortalized ADMSCs. This review aimed to consider this phenomenon.
Methods: This review was conducted based on several English articles from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Medline, such as the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and PubMed from 2010 to 2025. The term ‘ADMSCs’ was searched combined with the following keywords: “Photobiomodulation” OR “low-level laser irradiation” OR “low-power” laser OR “low-intensity laser” OR “Photobiostimulation”.
Results: This investigation demonstrated that PBM is a non-invasive, light-based method for facilitating the neuronal differentiation of the ADMSCs. It is effective for increased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other biomolecules responsible for cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration to induce cell proliferation and cell signaling cascades, favoring neuronal lineage commitment, although results vary across protocols.
Conclusion: This review indicates that PBMT-based regenerative medicine seems promising and applicable for future advances in cell-based regenerative medicine and neurology. However, alongside the potentials, it also underscores the challenges of PBM-based neural regeneration, calling for parameter optimization, more in vivo studies, and shifting the focus of future studies to clinical applications.

Introduction: Microbial resistance is a global challenge for conventional antimicrobial methods such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Among the recently developed approaches, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) have garnered attention. This study reviews the effectiveness of CAP and PDT relative to each other and to other antimicrobial methods.
Methods: The primary keywords, including “antimicrobial photodynamic therapy,” “cold plasma,” “disinfection,” and “oral pathogens,” were used in a literature search across databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed, covering the period from January 2016 to September 2025.
Results: CAP and PDT showed effective antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. For CAP, main parameters include gas composition (He/O₂), power (55 W), and exposure duration (60-180 seconds). A He/O₂ plasma jet reduced the bacterial load in Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The efficacy of PDT was different based on the types of photosensitizers and light parameters. Indocyanine green (0.2%) with an 810-nm laser (12 J/cm², 60 s) was effective against Streptococcus mutans, while Methylene blue (0.02%) with a 660-nm laser (20 J/cm², 100 s) showed higher biofilm reduction. Both methods surpassed conventional antimicrobial agents such as CHX and NaOCl, especially in biofilm penetration.
Conclusion: CAP and PDT are promising alternatives to conventional antimicrobial methods, offering effective control of oral pathogens with lower side effects than CHX and NaOCl. However, further research is needed to optimize treatment parameters and determine the most suitable clinical applications for each method.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM), initially called low-level light therapy (LLLT), is defined as the application of radiation in the form of light for healing, since it can modify the cell’s behavior to facilitate repair of the tissue. The objective of this review study was to research the known effects of the LLLT on oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial activity, in the cutaneous healing process.
Methods: We included experimental animal studies that evaluated the effects of the LLLT on the oxidative stress related to the cutaneous healing process. In December 2023, research into the literature was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated by the adapted PEDro scale. Additionally, a qualitative and descriptive analysis of the included studies was made.
Results: Nine studies were included, and all the articles presented significant modulation of oxidative stress, with reductions in oxidizing markers (superoxide anion) and apoptosis activators (cytochrome c), and mainly, increases in antioxidant enzymatic defense (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase).
Conclusion: LLLT represents a technique with promising results in the improvement and acceleration of the cutaneous healing process, as well as in the regulation of biochemical reactions related to oxidative stress in the treated areas. Despite that, more studies focusing on the central role of mitochondria in explaining the therapeutic effects of LLLT are necessary.

Introduction: This study reports five cases of osteonecrosis treated with photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT).
Methods: One patient had osteoradionecrosis, another had spontaneous osteonecrosis, and three had osteonecrosis associated with medication, all of which were smaller than 1cm, with or without bone sequestration. aPDT sessions used 0.01% methylene blue followed by 9 J of red light and photobiomodulation sessions ranging from 1 to 3 Joules of red or infrared light. In one of the cases observed, osteoplasty was necessary to reduce exposed bone height.
Results: aPDT and photobiomodulation produced positive clinical responses, either alone or as adjuncts to minimally invasive procedures.
Conclusion: aPDT associated with photobiomodulation, removal of necrotic bone tissue, bone reduction, and antibiotic therapy proved to be effective in treating osteonecrosis described in the five cases reported.