Recommendations and Considerations for Resumption Exercise During COVID-19 for Swimmers
SOREN Student Sports & Health Open Researches e-Journal: New-Approaches,
Vol. 2 No. 3 (1400),
21 December 2021
,
Page 1-8
https://doi.org/10.22037/soren.v2i3.37417
Abstract
Exercise contributes significantly to the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of athletes. The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on societies around the world and has led to significant restrictions on all sections of society, including sport. Lack of long-term training leads to detraining and deconditioning, which is a known risk to the physical and mental health of athletes. The gradual resumption of exercise and safe sports can significantly help to restore normalcy in athletes. Swimming, like other sports, was affected, and all swimming pools were closed due to COVID-19. As a result, many people underwent a condition of unfitness. There is a need to provide a framework and initial recommendations for a safe return to the sport based on current knowledge about COVID-19. The purpose of this review article is to understand the course of COVID-19 and to develop guidelines for the resumption of swimming in Iran, including the considerations and recommendations of various health organizations such as WHO, CDC, etc.
Keywords:
- COVID-19
- Guideline
- Sports Resumption
- Exercise Resumption
How to Cite
Ziaee Esterabadi, L. S., Seyed Hosseini, S. M. H. ., & Tavakkoli, S. (2022). Recommendations and Considerations for Resumption Exercise During COVID-19 for Swimmers. SOREN Student Sports & Health Open Researches E-Journal: New-Approaches, 2(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.22037/soren.v2i3.37417
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2. Paoli A, Musumeci G. Elite athletes and COVID-19 lockdown: Future health concerns for an entire sector. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2020;5(2):30.
3. Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part II. Sports Med. 2000;30(3):145-54.
4. Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M. COVID-19 epidemic: Exercise or not to exercise; That is the question! Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11(1):e102630.
5. Pradhan P, Pandey AK, Mishra A, Gupta P, Tripathi PK, Menon MB, et al. Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag. BioRxiv. 2020:1-14.
6. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv. 2020.
7. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio-Medica Atenei Parm. 2020;91(1):157-60.
8. La Rosa G, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Kenmoe S, Suffredini E. Coronavirus in water environments: Occurrence, persistence and concentration methods-A scoping review. Water Res. 2020;2020:115899.
9. Wigginton KR, Ye Y, Ellenberg RM. Emerging investigators series: The source and fate of pandemic viruses in the urban water cycle. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2015;1(6):735-46.
10. Nieß AM, Bloch W, Friedmann-Bette B, Grim C, Halle M, Hirschmüller A, et al. Position stand: Return to sport in the current coronavirus Pandemic. 2020.
11. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):846-48.
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13. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 14].
14. Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa AL, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Frydas I, et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): Anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2):1.
15. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607-13.
16. Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood J Am Soc Hematol. 2020;135(23):2033-40.
17. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: A review. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):831-40.
18. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-18.
19. Bohm P, Scharhag J, Meyer T. Data from a nationwide registry on sports-related sudden cardiac deaths in Germany. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(6):649-56.
20. Cooper LT. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1526-38.
21. Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, et al. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2268-70.
22. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-90.
23. Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2574-76.
24. Borges do Nascimento IJ, Cacic N, Abdulazeem HM, von Groote TC, Jayarajah U, Weerasekara I, et al. Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in humans: A scoping review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4).
25. Sun P, Qie S, Liu Z, Ren J, Li K, Xi J. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):612-17.
26. The impact of COVID-19 on sport, physical activity and well-being and its effects on social development | DISD [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 14].
27. Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I. Sports Med. 2000;30(2):79-87.
28. Kalkhoven JT, Watsford ML, Impellizzeri FM. A conceptual model and detailed framework for stress-related, strain-related, and overuse athletic injury. J Sci Med Sport. 2020.
29. De Boer MD, Maganaris CN, Seynnes OR, Rennie MJ, Narici MV. Time course of muscular, neural and tendinous adaptations to 23 day unilateral lower-limb suspension in young men. J Physiol. 2007;583(3):1079-91.
30. Rejc E, Floreani M, Taboga P, Botter A, Toniolo L, Cancellara L, et al. Loss of maximal explosive power of lower limbs after 2 weeks of disuse and incomplete recovery after re-training in older adults. J Physiol. 2018;596(4):647-65.
31. Publications, Data, & Statistics | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water | CDC [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 14].
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33. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 14].
34. Emergency Medical Relief | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | GOI [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 14].
35. Standard Operating Procedure SOP for sporting a suspect or confirmed case of COVID19.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 3].
36. Corsini A, Bisciotti GN, Eirale C, Volpi P. Football cannot restart soon during the COVID-19 emergency! A critical perspective from the Italian experience and a call for action. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(20):1186-87.
37. Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NM, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task force 3: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2362-71.
38. Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M, Adami PE, Biffi A, Caselli S, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: Position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(1):19-33.
39. Organisation WH. Considerations for sports federations/sports event organisers when planning mass gatherings in the context of COVID-19: Interim guidance, 14 April 2020. World Health Organisation; 2020.
40. Hassanzadeh-Rad A, Halabchi F. Stadiums as possible hot spots for COVID-19 spread. Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11(2).
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