International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences

Background and Aim: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders of childhood with several consequences. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive computer games rehabilitation and play therapy based on cognitive rehabilitation on the risk-taking of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Method and material: the research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a waiting list, and a one-month follow-up study. The statistical population included all children aged 7 to 12 years old with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Karaj city, 24 children referred to the Razi counseling center in 2020-2021 were selected by available sampling method and were randomly replaced in groups: cognitive computer games (8 children), cognitive play therapy (8 children) and control (8 children). The experimental groups received related interventions and the waiting list did not receive any treatment during this time. The balloon analog risk task (BIS) was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: The findings showed that cognitive computer games and play therapy based on cognitive rehabilitation are effective in the risk-taking of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions in risk-taking, Conclusion:  play therapy based on cognitive rehabilitation was more effective than cognitive computer games in reducing risk-taking.cognitive computer games; Play therapy; Cognitive rehabilitation; Risk-taking; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background and aim: People bereaved during the first two waves of the Covid pandemic are three times more likely to have prolonged grief disorder (PGD), which can leave them lonely and in intense emotional pain. The disorder, can result in persistent longing for the deceased, intense emotional pain including guilt and denial, and trouble engaging with friends and planning for the future, all of which goes on for longer than six months. This research was planned and conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of complicated grief treatment (CGT) on rumination, emotion regulation, and coping self-efficacy in adults with prolonged grief disorder.Materials and Methods: The present study design is a semi-experimental intervention of pretest-posttest with an experimental and control group and a two-month follow-up. First, based on psychiatrist's diagnosis and a semi-structured interview based on the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria of prolonged grief disorder conducted among people of this research, 30 participants were randomly selected using a purposive sampling method. They were replaced equally in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was exposed to the therapeutic intervention of "complicated grief treatment" which consisted of 16 sessions of 120 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After two months, the experimental group was examined again.Results: The research findings were analyzed using descriptive indices such as mean and standard deviation, Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Based on the results, the main hypothesis of this research was confirmed. F calculated in the posttest and follow-up was significant. Therefore, the effectiveness of complicated grief treatment on rumination, emotion regulation and coping self-efficacy was confirmed in people with prolonged grief disorder who were in the experimental group. These effects were persistent after two months follow-up.Conclusion:  In general, our findings showed that complicated grief treatment (CGT) was effective on rumination, emotion regulation, and coping self-efficacy in people with prolonged grief disorder. CGT aims to revitalize adaptation by identifying and resolving grief complications and facilitating the three adaptive processes (acceptance of the reality of the death, reconfiguration of the internalized relationship to the deceased, and redefinition of life goals and plans).

Background and Aim: The fertility rate of women in Iran has fallen below the replacement level, leading to concerns about population aging. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for not intending to have children among couples aged 30 to 45 in Tehran (1401-1402).Materials and Methods: This study is a qualitative research using conventional content analysis. Purposive sampling with maximum variation was used to select participants from different backgrounds, locations, and social classes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted using Graneheim and Lundman's approach and MAXQDA 2022 software.Results: The results were categorized into four main themes: individual, social, political, and economic factors. Individual factors included perceptions of spousal irresponsibility, ideal standards, emotional problems, mental health problems, and addiction issues. Political factors included fear of the future and lack of security, uncertain political climate, high education costs, perception of government indifference, and political restrictions. Economic factors were the cost of children, fear of financial instability, concerns about future careers, the negative impact of children on women's professional roles, and housing problems. Socio-cultural factors included the role of school and the importance of education.Conclusion: This study revealed the complexity of the decision-making process regarding childlessness in this age group.

 Background and Objectives: One of the most common mental disorders in children is separation anxiety disorder, which can cause severe disorders in adulthood if not addressed. The present study examined the effectiveness of attachment-based training for mothers on school refusal and social competence of children with separation anxiety disorder.Materials and Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, one control group, and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research was all the mothers of elementary school students suffering from separation anxiety disorder in District 1 of education in Sari, Iran, in the academic year 2022-2023. The research sample consisted of 30 mothers selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Han, Hajinlian, et al.'s Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (2003), School Refusal Questionnaire by Carney and Silverman (1993), and Social Competence Questionnaire developed by the Behavior Problem Prevention Research Group (1995) were used for data collection. The experimental group received Korn-Carey, Dozier, and Ackerman's (2004) and Cooper et al.'s (2005) intervention in eight 120–minute sessions; the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the training sessions, pre-tests and post-tests were taken from both groups. Applying SPSS 26, repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis.Results: The results indicated a significant difference between the mean of school refusal and social competence in the pre-test-post-test and the pre-test-follow-up stages of the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: The results indicate that attachment-based intervention training for mothers of children with separation anxiety disorder reduced school refusal and enhanced social competence in children with separation anxiety disorder.

Background and Aim: The present research was designed and implemented with the aim of the role of professional ethics components on the sharing of professional knowledge and organizational flourishing of employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Isfahan province.Materials and Methods:This research is descriptive and correlational in terms of applied purpose. The data was collected in the field and through a questionnaire. The statistical population of all employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Isfahan province is 296 people. Due to the limitedness of the statistical population, a sample similar to the population was considered. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software.Findings: The results of the research showed that the path coefficient of the relationship between attachment and interest in work on job knowledge sharing is 0.392 and on flourishing is 0.187. The results of persistence and seriousness on job knowledge sharing is 0.123 and on flourishing is 0.222. Healthy relationships on job knowledge sharing is 0.240 and on flourishing is 0.466. Collective spirit and participation in work is 0.256 on job knowledge sharing and 0.320 on growth.Conclusion: The study shows that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the components of professional ethics, job knowledge sharing and organizational flourishing of employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth in Isfahan province