International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences

Introduction: Most of the people have at least one smartphone, spending most of their time, approximately 20 hours a week, on their smartphone. The main purpose of the current research was to study model structure of social network addiction among male and female students.
Method: In terms of purpose, the research is practical and in terms of data collection method is descriptive based on survey. In spite of various social networks, only two, Telegram and Instagram, have been chosen. The statistical population of the study were 5196 students studying in Azad Islamic University, Garmsar Branch. Student form of Social media addiction scale (SMAS-SF) and demographic information questionnaire were applied to all the research participants.
Results: Among 397 subjects, 114 individuals, 28.7% used only Telegram, 72 individuals used only Instagram and 211 of them use both Telegram and Instagram. Comparing the means shows that Internet addiction among male students was higher than female ones (p<0.05). The results of ANOVA showed the highest social network addiction is among the age groups 25 years and younger, and the lowest mean is for the age group 41 years and older.
Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that among the students of the sample, the rate of addiction to social networks is higher than average, and the necessary interventions should be provided to solve this problem.

Introduction: The role of anxiety sensitivity in the clinical course of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, has been confirmed, which can cause and develop a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on Anxiety Sensitivity in cardiac patients    . Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population was all patients referred to Dr. Heshmat Rasht hospital during February to March 2019. Sampling method was used to select the samples and then the samples were randomly divided into two experimental and one control group. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance by SPSS software, version 25.Results: outcomes showed that acceptance and commitment therapy and emotion focused therapy were effective on Anxiety sensitivity(P = 0.000). also the results of the covariance showed that, there was a significant difference between the groups' adjusted averages for Anxiety sensitivity (ETA=0.910, P = 0.000, F(2,41)= 208.387). In other words, there is a significant difference between the two experimental methods on Anxiety sensitivity in cardiac patients (acceptance and commitment therapy and emotion-focused therapy) with the control group. Conclusions: Anxiety sensitivity plays a predisposing, accelerating, and sustaining role in cardiovascular disease, and training in the above treatments can play an important role as adjunctive and rehabilitation therapy alongside medical treatments.                                                            

Introduction: Prevalence of diabetes has been rising in Iran that causes many social and economic problems. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of training based on positive psychology and motivational interviewing on emotional distress in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Method: Quasi-experimental research design with pretest-posttest and control group were utilized in this study. The statistical population included patients with type 2 diabetes referring to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute. 48 patients were selected with convenient sampling method and divided into two experimental group and a control group. The first group received positive psychology training. The second group received a motivational interviewing and the control group did not receive any treatment. The groups were evaluated before and after the intervention using emotional distress questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Result: The result showed positive psychology training and motivational interview training are effective on decreasing components of psychological distress including psychological distress in relation to diabetes management and depression-related problems in patients with diabetes and positive psychological training was more effective (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on results of this study, positive psychological and motivational interviewing training have positive effect on emotional distress of type 2 diabetes patients. Both of the interventions by strengthening positive motivation and modifying the levels of negative effects reduced emotional distress scores.

Introduction: Considering the growing trend of overweight and its risk, it is necessary to find useful solutions for weight loss. Usually overweight people are involved in several treatment programs that have decent short-term effects, but the symptoms might be relapsed in long term. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on reducing body mass index and increase self-control in overweight women.
Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest- posttest design and follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all overweight women referring to the Nutrition Clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sample consisted of 30 females selected by purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. In this study, BMI was used to assess overweight and Tangney self-control scale was used for self-control.
Results: The findings indicated that the self-control in the participants in the cognitive-behavioral group were more improved in comparison to transcranial Direct Current Stimulation group (p,0.05), while tDCS was more effective than CBT on improving body mass index.
Conclusion: In general, cognitive-behavioral therapy and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with effect on the area of the brain that is associate with control perception lead to increased self-control, decreased craving and BMI.

Introduction: One of the most important developments in immigration in recent decades is the increasing involvement of women in the immigration process and the increase in women's independent immigration, which is called the feminization of immigration. This study aimed to comparing Iranian women working in Toronto and Tehran in lifestyle, early maladaptive schemas, resilience, and happiness.
Methods: The present study was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population included all Iranian women working in Tehran and Iranian women immigrating to – Toronto, Canada. Using the convenient sampling method, 89 Iranian women working in Toronto and 93 Iranian women working in Tehran were selected (Out of the total number of questionnaires, 11 questionnaires from the group of immigrants and 7 questionnaires from the group of non-immigrants were excluded due to being distorted). Data collection tool included Young Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF), Adler Basic Scales for Interpersonal Success - Adult Edition (BASIS-A), Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale, and Happiness / Depression Inventory.
Results: The results of MANOVA showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of some lifestyle components (p<0.05), a number of early maladaptive schemas (p<0.05), happiness components (p<0.05), and resilience of immigrant and non-immigrant women (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Accordingly, immigration in Iranian women can be a factor for changes in various aspects of psychology such as resilience, happiness and lifestyle.

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the structural pattern of health-oriented and high-risk behaviors based on psychological capital and hardiness in students of Tehran universities due to the mediating role of time horizon.
Method: This study is a descriptive - correlational study. For this purpose, 350 students of Tehran's national and Azad universities were selected using random sampling and answered the questionnaires provided to them. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling method. Spss-25 and Lisrel 8.85 statistical software were used to analyze the research data.
Results: Evaluation of the conceptual model of the research using fit indicators showed that the conceptual model is compatible with the measurement model (CFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.90, and RMSEA = 0.073). The research findings showed that the hardiness and psychological capital have a significant effect on both health-oriented and high-risk behaviors both directly and indirectly through the time horizon. Also, the time horizon has a significant direct effect on healthy and high-risk behaviors.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results and the appropriate fit of the hypothetical structural model, psychological capital, hardiness, and time horizon can be considered as the main factors affecting health-oriented behaviors and high-risk behaviors. It is better to use these factors in the design of prevention programs and interventions in the field of health.