New Molecular Markers for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Urology Journal,
Vol. 21 No. 01 (2024),
28 February 2024,
Page 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v20i.7687
Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of
cancer death among men worldwide. Biomarkers are an important tool in the early detection of PCa. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the oldest biomarkers for the early detection of PCa. Digital rectal exam (DRE) is
another screening test for PCa detection, which is considered as an irritating experience for patients. Biopsy is still
the most reliable method for PCa diagnosis; however, patients are prone to complications. Therefore, developing
non-invasive and accurate methods for PCa screening seems urgent to avoid unnecessary biopsies. There has been
remarkable development in PCa molecular biomarkers discovery, largely through progress in omics technologies.
Due to the many benefits of liquid biopsies, a significant set of PCa diagnostic kits have been developed using urine
samples. Despite the unique benefits of these kits, there are still many challenges to their widespread use in clinics.
Here, we have reviewed the latest developments of PCa biomarkers in liquid biopsies.
Methods: Literature on biomarkers for diagnosis of PCa was reviewed during the past two decades.
Results: PSA, PHI, PCA3, and 4K score are among the commonly used markers for PCa diagnosis which have
been used over a long-moderate length of time with multiple studies on their performance. We performed a review
of their performance. Newer markers are among RNA and DNA markers. Multiple non-coding RNAs (mi-RNAs)
were reviewed and their performance on Pca diagnosis was reviewed. Long noncoding RNAs (Lnc RNAs) including
PlncRNA-1, HOTAIR, SchLAP-1, MALAT1, MEG3, and PRCAT17.3 were summarized. mRNA markers
including TMPRSS2:ERG, and HOXC6 were presented. DNA-based markers including PTEN, HOXB13, and
BRCA2 were reviewed. Finally, the use of CircRNAs was reviewed for PCa diagnosis.
Conclusion: Many reviewed RNA-based biomarkers have promising results in the diagnosis of PCa.