Microalbuminuria in Children: A Comparative Study of HIV-Infected and Non-Infected Children in Jos, Nigeria
Journal of Pediatric Nephrology,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021),
14 April 2021
https://doi.org/10.22037/jpn.v8i2.33547
Abstract
Background and Aim: Kidney disease occurs frequently in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals and is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. Early detection of kidney damage will aid in instituting interventional measures that could slow down or halt the progression of kidney disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of microalbuminuria in HIV infected children in Jos, Nigeria and compare them with those of HIV negative children. Methods: A total of 135 HIV infected and 135 HIV uninfected children aged 1-18 years were screened for microalbuminuria using microalbumin 2-1 combo test strips. Logistic regression analysis was used for determination of the association between microalbuminuria and various predicted risk factors. Results: Thirty (22.2%) HIV infected and 13 (9.6%) uninfected children had microalbuminuria (p = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that an increase in the WHO clinical stage was significantly associated with the presence of microalbuminuria in HIV infected children (p = 0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of microalbuminuria is higher in HIV infected children, as such the detection of microalbuminuria as early as possible in the course of the disease and prompt initiation of therapy are very important in our resource poor environment.
Keywords:
- Microalbuminuria
- HIV
- Children
- Kidney
How to Cite
1.
M Ihekaike M, E Ocheke I, Oguche S. Microalbuminuria in Children: A Comparative Study of HIV-Infected and Non-Infected Children in Jos, Nigeria. J Ped Nephrol [Internet]. 2021 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Apr. 20];9(2). Available from: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jpn/article/view/33547
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24. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Microalbuminuria associated with indicators of inflammatory activity in an HIV-positive population. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2008;23(10):3130–7.
25. World Health Organisation; Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS case definitions for surveillance. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/clinicalstaging.pdf (Accessed 2017 Nov 16)
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28. Fredrick F, Francis JM, Ruggajo PJ, Maro EE. Renal abnormalities among HIV infected children at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH)—Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):30.
29. Hadigan C, Edwards E, Rosenberg A, Purdy JB, Fleischman E, Howard L, et al. Microalbuminuria in HIV disease. Am J Nephrol. 2013;37(5):443–51.
30. Ross MJ, Klotman PE. Recent Progress in HIV-Associated Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(12):2997–3004.
31. Dimock D, Thomas V, Cushing A, Purdy JB, Worrell C, Kopp JB et al. Longitudinal Assessment of Metabolic Abnormalities in Adolescents and Young Adults with HIV infection Acquired Perinatally or in Early Childhood. Metabolism. 2011;60(6):874–80.
32. Isezuo KO, Ibitoye PK, Jiya NM, Airede KI, Bello JF, Sani UM, et al. Risk factors for Microalbuminuria amongst overweight adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. Afr J Health Sci. 2016;29(3):189–92.
33. Komolafe OO, Aderibigbe A, Olanrewaju TO, Chijioke A, Salami AK, Rafiu MO. Microalbuminuria in a Cohort of Ambulatory HIV-Positive Nigerians. J Nephrol Ther. 2014;4(5):1000179.
34. Mosten KI, Hamel BC, Kinabo GD. Prevalence of persistent microalbuminuria and associated factors among HIV infected children attending a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Tanzania: a cross sectional, analytical study. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:251.
2. Bertoldi A, De Crignis E, Miserocchi A, Bon I, Musumeci G, Longo S, et al. HIV and kidney : a dangerous liaison. New Microbiologica. 2017;40:1–10.
3. Ezeonwu BU, Okafor HU, Nnaemeka AI, Oguonu T. Screening for microalbuminuria in HIV-positive children in Enugu. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:1-5.
4. Ikpeme EE, Ekrikpo UE, Akpan MU, Ekaidem SI. Determining the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) using proteinuria and ultrasound findings in a Nigerian paediatric HIV population. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;11:13.
5. Iduoriyekemwen NJ, Sadoh WE, Sadoh AE. Prevalence of renal disease in Nigerian children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and on highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2013;24(1):172–7.
6. Shah I, Gupta S, Shah DM, Dhabe H, Lala M. Renal manifestations of HIV infected highly active antiretroviral therapy naive children in India. World J Pediatr. 2012;8(3):252–5.
7. Singh JP, Kohli S, Jamwal S, Sharma R, Hamid S, Raina S, et al. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in patients of HIV/AIDS in Jammu. JK Sci. 2011;13(2):84–8.
8. Mudi A, Alhaj BU, Hassan-Hanga F, Yahaya IA. Persistent microalbuminuria in human immunodeficiency virus infected children in Kano, Nigeria. Int J Nephrol. 2014;2014:1-7.
9. Koroshi A. Microalbuminuria, is it so important? Hippokratia. 2007;11(3):105–7.
10. Eke FU, Anochie IC, Okpere AN, Eneh AU, Ugwu RO, Ejilemele AA, et al. Microalbuminuria in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2010;19(3):298–301.
11. Szczech LA, Grunfeld C, Scherzer R, Canchola JA, van der Horst C, Sidney S, et al. Microalbuminuria in HIV infection. AIDS. 2007;21(8):1003–9.
12. Wyatt CM, Hoover DR, Shi Q, Tien PC, Karim R, Cohen MH, et al. Pre-existing albuminuria predicts AIDS and non-AIDS mortality in women initiating antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(4):591–6.
13. Yusuf R, Aliyu IS, Muktar HM, Hassan A. Microalbuminuria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Zaria, Nigeria. Sub-Saharan Afr J Med. 2014;1(2):86-90.
14. Okpere AN, Anochie IC, Eke FU. Prevalence of microalbuminuria among secondary school children in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2012; 12(2):140-147.
15. de Jong PE, Curhan GC. Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment of Albuminuria: Public Health Perspectives. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(8):2120–6.
16. Okpa HO, Oviasu E, Ojogwu LI. Microalbuminuria and its Relationship with Clinical and Biochemical Parameters in Newly Diagnosed HIV Patients in a Tertiary Hospital South-South Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 2015;12(2):83–90.
17. Kadiri S. Chronic Kidney Disease : Sickle Cell Nephropathy as a likely cause. Ann Ibadan Postgrad Med. 2006;4:7–10.
18. Masimango MI, Sumaili EK, Jadoul M, Wallemacq P, Mubagwa DK, Makulo RJ, et al. Prevalence of microalbuminuria and diagnostic value of dipstick proteinuria in outpatients from HIV clinics in Bukavu, the Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15(1):146.
19. Msango L, Downs JA, Kalluvya SE, Kidenya BR, Kabangila R, Johnson Jr. WD, et al. Renal dysfunction among HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in Mwanza, Tanzania. AIDS. 2011;25(11):1421-25.
20. Chaves HL, Batista MP, Gomes ADM, Costa AA, Lima AT, do Ceara VDA, et al. Microalbuminuria and Kidney Disease Risk in HIV Patients Taking Combined Antiretroviral Therapy. World J AIDS. 2014;4:242–8.
21. Hsieh M, Lu P, Kuo M, Lin W, Lin C, Lai C, et al. Prevalence of and associated factors with chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2015;48(3):256–62.
22. Shabbal DM , Jamda MA, Dalhatu IT, Abdulrahman MB, Isichei C. Comparison of microalbuminuria among treatment naïve HIV sero-positive and negative adult clients in Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos. Niger Med J. 2014;55(6):508-11.
23. Giacomet V, Erba P, Di Nello F, Coletto S, Viganò A, Zuccotti G. Proteinuria in paediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. World J Clin cases. 2013;1(1):13–8.
24. Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Microalbuminuria associated with indicators of inflammatory activity in an HIV-positive population. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2008;23(10):3130–7.
25. World Health Organisation; Interim WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS case definitions for surveillance. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/clinicalstaging.pdf (Accessed 2017 Nov 16)
26. I-Base; CD4 counts and equivalent CD4% for babies and children. Available from: http://i-base.info/cd4-count-and-equivalent-cd4-for-babies-and-children/ (accessed 2017 Nov 16).
27. Mistry BJ. Relevance of microalbuminuria in screening for HIV-associated Nephropathy [Master thesis]. University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; 2009.
28. Fredrick F, Francis JM, Ruggajo PJ, Maro EE. Renal abnormalities among HIV infected children at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH)—Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):30.
29. Hadigan C, Edwards E, Rosenberg A, Purdy JB, Fleischman E, Howard L, et al. Microalbuminuria in HIV disease. Am J Nephrol. 2013;37(5):443–51.
30. Ross MJ, Klotman PE. Recent Progress in HIV-Associated Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(12):2997–3004.
31. Dimock D, Thomas V, Cushing A, Purdy JB, Worrell C, Kopp JB et al. Longitudinal Assessment of Metabolic Abnormalities in Adolescents and Young Adults with HIV infection Acquired Perinatally or in Early Childhood. Metabolism. 2011;60(6):874–80.
32. Isezuo KO, Ibitoye PK, Jiya NM, Airede KI, Bello JF, Sani UM, et al. Risk factors for Microalbuminuria amongst overweight adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. Afr J Health Sci. 2016;29(3):189–92.
33. Komolafe OO, Aderibigbe A, Olanrewaju TO, Chijioke A, Salami AK, Rafiu MO. Microalbuminuria in a Cohort of Ambulatory HIV-Positive Nigerians. J Nephrol Ther. 2014;4(5):1000179.
34. Mosten KI, Hamel BC, Kinabo GD. Prevalence of persistent microalbuminuria and associated factors among HIV infected children attending a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Tanzania: a cross sectional, analytical study. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:251.
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