Non-Nephrotic Proteinuria in Children: A Review
Journal of Pediatric Nephrology,
Vol. 7 No. 3 (2019),
16 November 2019
,
Page 1-7
https://doi.org/10.22037/jpn.v7i3.26954
Abstract
Proteinuria is defined as an increased abnormal urinary excretion of proteins. In normal conditions, few proteins are lost through the urine. Proteinuria is a problem and dilemma in pediatric practice. Non- nephrotic proteinuria is described and its follow-up is discussed in the following.
Keywords: Proteinuria; Non-nephrotic proteinuria; Nephrotic syndrome; Child.
How to Cite
References
Loghman-Adham M. Proteinuria in Children. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58(5):1158-1159.
Quigley R. Evaluation of hematuria and proteinuria: how should a pediatrician proceed? Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2008;20(2):140–144.
Bernarda Viteri, Jessica Reid-Adam. Hematuria and Proteinuria in Children. 574 Pediatrics in Review 2018;39(12):573-580.
Kyung Mi Jang, Min Hyun Cho. Clinical Approach to Children with Proteinuria. Child Kidney Dis 2017;21: 53-60.
Smirnov AV, Khasun M, Kayukov IG, Galkina OV, Sipovski VG, Parastaeva MM, et al. Serum uromodulin as an early biomarker of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in patients with glomerulopathies. Ter Arkh. 2018;90(6):41-47.
Watanabe T. Improving outcomes for patients with distal renal tubular acidosis: recent advances and challenges ahead. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2018;9:181-190.
Sun X, Xiao Y, Li PM, Ma XY, Sun XJ, Lv WS, Wu YL, Liu P, Wang YG. Association of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes patients. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):229.
Grams ME, Yang W, Rebholz CM, Wang X, Porter AC, Inker LA, et al. Risks of Adverse Events in Advanced CKD: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(3):337-346.
Mulè G, Castiglia A, Cusumano C, Scaduto E, Geraci G, Altieri D, et al. Subclinical Kidney Damage in Hypertensive Patients: A Renal Window Opened on the Cardiovascular System. Focus on Microalbuminuria. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:279-306.
Anthony J. Bleyer, Stanislav Kmoch. Tamm Horsfall Glycoprotein and Uromodulin: It Is All about the Tubules. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016; 11(1): 6–8.
Zimmerhackl LB1, Pfleiderer S, Kinne R, Manz F, Schuler G, Brandis M. Author information. Tamm-Horsfall-Protein excretion as a marker of ascending limb transport indicates early renaltubular damage in diabetes mellitus type I. J Diabet Complications. 1991;5(2-3):112-4.
Mulè G, Castiglia A, Cusumano C, Scaduto E, Geraci G, Altieri D, et al. Subclinical Kidney Damage in Hypertensive Patients: A Renal Window Opened on the Cardiovascular System. Focus on Microalbuminuria. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:279-306.
Mahmoodi BK, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Blankestijn PJ, Cirillo M, Ohkubo T, et al. Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without hypertension: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;380(9854):1649-61.
Rysz J, Gluba-Brzózka A, Franczyk B, Jabłonowski Z, Ciałkowska-Rysz A. Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease and the Prediction of Its Outcome. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(8): 1702.
Wahl TS, Graham LA, Morris MS, Richman JS, Hollis RH, Jones CE, et al. Association Between Preoperative Proteinuria and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury and Readmission. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(9):e182009.
Cabiddu G, Spotti D, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Gregorini G, et al; Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology. J Nephrol. 2018;31(5):665-681.
Pozdzik A, Brochériou I, David C, Touzani F, Goujon JM, Wissing KM. Membranous Nephropathy and Anti-Podocytes Antibodies: Implications for the Diagnostic Workupand Disease Management. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Jan 8;2018: 6281054.
Alexander K.C. Leung, Alex H.C. Wong. Proteinuria in Children. American Family Physician 2010;82(6):643-649.
Jyothsna Gattineni. Highlights for the Management of a Child with Proteinuria and Hematuria. Int J Pediatr. 2012:768142. Published online 2012 Jul 12.
Tarak Srivastava, Ganesh Thiagarajan, Uri S. Alon, Ram Sharma, Ashraf El-Meanawy, Ellen T. McCarthy, et al. Role of biomechanical forces in hyperfiltration-mediated glomerular injury in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(5): 759–765.
Yu D, Petermann A, Kunter U, Rong S, Shankland SJ, Floege J. Urinary podocyte loss is a more specific marker of ongoing glomerular damage than proteinuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jun;16(6):1733-41. Epub 2005 Apr 13.
Ajit Varki1. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology. 2017; 27(1): 3–49.
Euan A Sandilands, Neeraj Dhaun, James W Dear, David J Webb. Measurement of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013; 76(4): 504–515.
JA Jefferson, SJ Shankland, RH Pichler. Proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease: A mechanistic viewpoint. Kidney International 2008;74:22–36.
Bruce A. Julian, Hitoshi Suzuki, Yusuke Suzuki, Yasuhiko Tomino, Goce Spasovski, Jan Novak. Sources of Urinary Proteins and their Analysis by Urinary Proteomics for the Detection of Biomarkers of Disease. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2009; 3(9): 1029–1043.
Bohle A, Oliveira de Cavalcanti V, Laberke HG. Is there any tubular secretion of protein? Clin Nephrol. 1988;29(1):28-34.
Vehaskari VM, Rapola J. Isolated proteinuria: analysis of a school-age population. J Pediatr. 1982;101(5):661-668.
Cho BS, Kim SD, Choi YM, Kang HH. School urinalysis screening in Korea: prevalence of chronic renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16(12):1126-1128.
Stratigou T, Vallianou N, Koutroumpi S, Vlassopoulou B, Apostolou T, Tsagarakis S, et al. Progression of Albuminuria Among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Long Term Observational Follow-up Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019 Feb 25.
Barbato A, D'Elia L, Perna L, Molisso A, Iacone R, Strazzullo P, et al. Increased Microalbuminuria Risk in Male Cigarette Smokers: Results from the "Olivetti Heart Study" after 8 Years Follow-Up. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019;44(1):33-42.
Akhavan M, Derakhshan A, Karamifar H, Evalution of microalbuminuria 4 to 6 years following type 1 diabetes and its correlation to glycemic control in children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007;17(3):252-256.
Kawamoto S, Hidaka Y, Kaneko Y, Misawa H, Nagahori K, Yoshino A, et al. Remission of light chain proximal tubulopathy in IgG λ-type multiple myeloma by lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy. CEN Case Rep. 2019 Feb 5.
Ana Paula O. Tomaz, Maristela de Paiva, José Ederaldo Q. Telles, Angela Maria de Souza, Laura Lucia Cogo. The detection of Bence Jones protein in urine by the heat test helps in diagnosis of multiple myeloma? J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2017;53(1):20-23.
David W Johnson, Graham R D Jones, Timothy H Mathew, Marie J Ludlow, Stephen J Chadban, Tim Usherwood, et al. Chronic kidney disease and measurement of albuminuria or proteinuria: a position statement. Med J. 2012;197(4):224-225.
Levitt D, Levitt M. Human serum albumin homeostasis: a new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements. Int J Gen Med. 2016;9:229-55.
Wingo CS, Clapp WL. Proteinuria: potential causes and approach to evaluation. Am J Med Sci. 2000;320(3):188-94.
Marsciani M1, Pasini A, Montini G. Asymptomatic proteinuria in children. G Ital Nefrol. 2011;28(5):489-98.
Dang le NN, Doan Tle B, Doan NH, Pham TK, Smets F, Thi MH, et al. Epidemiological urinalysis of children from kindergartens of Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:183.
The value of urine screening in a young adult population. Topham PS, Jethwa A, Watkins M, Rees Y, Feehally J. Fam Pract. 2004;21(1):18-21.
Wingo CS, Clapp WL. Proteinuria: potential causes and approach to evaluation. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Sep;320(3):188-94.
Mendu ML, Ahmed S, Maron JK, Rao SK, Chaguturu SK, May MF, et al. Development of an electronic health record-based chronic kidney disease registry to promote population health management. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):72.
Lin HT, Zheng CM, Wu YC, Chang YH, Chen JT, Liang CM, Chang TJ, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy as a Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 27;11(3).
Tamzali Y, Drouin S, Renard-Penna R, Hertig A. Diagnostic procedure for acute kidney failure. Rev Prat. 2018;68(2):152-156.
Amira-Peco-Antić, Paripović D. Acute kidney injury in children. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2014;142(5-6):371-7.
Kepecs DM, Yuen DA, Zhang Y, Thai K, Connelly KA, Gilbert RE. Progenitor cell secretory products exert additive renoprotective effects when combined with ace inhibitors in experimental CKD. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2016; 17(3): 1470320316668434.
El-Achkar TM, McCracken R, Liu Y, Heitmeier MR, Bourgeois S, Ryerse J, Wu XR. Tamm-Horsfall protein translocates to the basolateral domain of thick ascending limbs, interstitium, and circulation during recovery from acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013;304(8) : 1066–1075.
Duna Hwang, Mi-Ryung Cho, Minyong Choi, Sang Hyun Lee, Youngmin Park. Association between Sarcopenia and Dipstick Proteinuria in the Elderly Population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009–2011 . Korean J Fam Med. 2017; 38(6): 372–379.
Peter Topham. Proteinuric renal disease. Clin Med (Lond) 2009; 9(3): 284–287.
Hoseini R, Akhavan Sepehi M, Sabzian K, Otukesh H, Zafaranloo N, Panahi P, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Children With Steroid and Cyclosporine-resistant and Steroid- and Cyclosporine dependent Nephrotic Syndrome. IJKD January 2018;12(1):27-32.
Akhavan Sepahi M, Farahani N, Razavi MR, Heydari H, Arsang-Jang Sh. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for the treatment of children with steroid resistance nephrotic syndrome; a clinical trial study. Immunopathol Persa. 2019; 5(2):1-5.
Eddy AA, Symons JM. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet. 2003;362(9384):629-639.
Poortmans JR. Postexercise proteinuria in humans. Facts and mechanisms. JAMA. 1985;253(2):236-240.
Marks MI, McLaine PN, Drummond KN. Proteinuria in children with febrile illnesses. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45(240):250-253.
Marsciani M1, Pasini A, Montini G. Asymptomatic proteinuria in children. G Ital Nefrol. 2011;28(5):489-98.
Wingo CS, Clapp WL. Proteinuria: potential causes and approach to evaluation. Am J Med Sci. 2000;320(3):188-94.
Sebestyen JF, Alon US. The teenager with asymptomatic proteinuria: think orthostatic first. Clinical Pediatrics. 2011;50(3):179–182.
Jyothsna Gattineni. Highlights for the Management of a Child with Proteinuria and Hematuria. Int J Pediatr. Volume 2012:768142.
Ariceta G. Clinical practice: proteinuria. Eur J Pediatr. 2011 Jan;170(1):15-20.
Leung AK, Robson WL. Evaluating the child with pro¬teinuria. J R Soc Promot Health. 2000;120(1):16-22.
Leung AK, Robson WL. Evaluating the child with proteinuria. J R Soc Promot Health. 2000;120(1):16-58.
- Abstract Viewed: 341 times
- PDF Downloaded: 246 times