Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences

Introduction: All three degrees of inflammation (cellular, tissue, and systemic) are normal reactions that our bodies have to foreign substances. Cellular damage from bacteria, viruses, and even cancer can be warded off with the aid of these reactions. An efficient non-pharmaceutical method of treating inflammation is frequently seen as physiotherapy. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic treatment (US) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in rats with inflamed testicles are investigated.
Methods: Three groups, each including eighteen male rats, were established: the control group (C), the US group (which received ultrasonic treatment), and the LLLT group (which received low-level laser therapy).
Results: The blood CRP levels in the US group were significantly lower than those in the control and LLLT groups.
Conclusion: Findings suggest that ultrasound might be more effective than LLLT in treating testicular inflammation, as shown by the decrease in blood CRP levels.

Introduction: Prolonged numbness after local dental anesthesia in children can cause significant discomfort, patient anxiety, and risk of accidental lip or cheek injury, limiting normal eating and speaking. Current reversal approaches may require additional injections and risk side effects, underscoring the need for safer alternatives. Recent advances suggest photobiomodulation (PBM) by low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may accelerate recovery, but clinical data in pediatric dentistry remain limited.

Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 20 children with 40 affected teeth were divided into two groups: Group I received anesthesia with 1:100,000 epinephrine, while Group II received 1:200,000 epinephrine. Using a deactivated laser, a split-mouth design was used to compare the laser-treated and control sides. Anesthesia withdrawal was evaluated at 15-minute intervals following patient-reported resolution of numbness. Data were analysed using a paired t-test.

Results: Group I showed statistically significant differences from the control in all parameters except chin and cheek numbness. Group II exhibited statistically significant differences in all parameters except chin and cheek numbness resolution and recovery of normal lip sensation.

Conclusion: LLLT at 650 nm accelerated anesthesia withdrawal compared to standard conditions, with enhanced effects observed at higher V.C. concentrations. LLLT effectively reduces anesthesia duration by inducing vasodilation and improving blood flow to the irradiated area. 

Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that the combination of exercise and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) enhances muscle performance, including improvements in strength, hypertrophy, and fatigue resistance. As muscle tissue changes after training, a dose progression over time may show additional effects. However, there needs to be more clarity regarding the optimal physical parameters for enhancing muscle performance. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the impact of strength training combined with PBMT at fixed or progressive doses on strength performance, metabolic activity, and clinical outcomes in healthy individuals.

Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Fifty-six male participants were randomly allocated into four groups: Sham, minimal dose (60 J), maximal dose (300 J), and incremental dose (60–300 J). Baseline assessments included body composition analysis and isokinetic dynamometry (peak torque and total work of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles), followed by ten sessions of strength training combined with PBMT applied before each exercise session, which consisted of three sets of stiff and squats. PBMT irradiation was applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings. Training loads and psychophysiological responses were monitored throughout the intervention. Participants were reassessed at the end of the training period and followed up for a total duration of seven days.

Results: No significant differences were observed between the groups in isokinetic strength parameters (P>0.05), although small to moderate effect sizes favored the Incremental and Maximal Dose groups. Similar patterns were found for psychophysiological responses and training loads across the groups.

Conclusion: In the context of this research model, PBMT combined with strength training did not yield superior outcomes in muscle strength, psychophysiological, or metabolic parameters compared to the different dosing strategies evaluated.

Introduction: Sunscreen plays an unexpected role in protecting the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight. Skin protection against UV rays is highlighted as the main property of sunscreen. The present study investigated the core part of the molecular mechanism of skin protection by sunscreen.

Methods: Gene expression changes of the irradiated human skin with sunlight in the presence of sunscreen were mined from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to find the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The central DEGs were identified via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and searched in skin cancer-related genes in the GeneCards database to find the critical dysregulated genes. The gene expression change of the critical genes was investigated in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results: A total of 377 DEGs were determined as the targeted genes. HSPA4, PTEN, CDC42, ERBB2, APP, CDKN2A, PRKACA, PECAM1, and SMAD3 were identified as the critical dysregulated genes. ERBB2, SMAD3, and PRKACA were pointed out as the skin cancer-related genes.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the up-regulation of PETN and the activation of CDKN2A were highlighted as the major induced molecular events by sunscreen, which play a role in skin protection.

Introduction: Significantly impairs the quality of life through lower urinary tract symptoms. Ejaculation-sparing Thulium laser enucleation, a minimally invasive technique, offers symptom relief while aiming to preserve sexual function. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes, safety, and efficacy of thulium laser enucleation of the prostate in Jordan.

Methods: A longitudinal, quantitative study was conducted in three private clinics and three private hospitals in Amman, Jordan. This study included 29 male patients suffering from moderate to severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Postoperatively, at intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 months following ejaculation-sparing thulium laser enucleation, several instruments were utilized to measure the maximum urinary flow rate, post-void residual (PVR) volume, average flow rate, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5).

Results: After undergoing ejaculation-sparing thulium laser enucleation, the mean maximum urinary flow rate saw a significant increase from 6.3 ± 2.8 mL/s at baseline to 19.8 ± 3.2 mL/s at 2 months. It then increased to 20.6 ± 3.0 mL/s at 4 months and to 19.0 ± 1.7 mL/s at 8 months (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the average urinary flow rate improved, rising from 4.31 ± 1.8 mL/s to 9.5 ± 4.1 mL/s, then to 16.2 ± 2.8 mL/s, and finally to 12.7 ± 2.9 mL/s at the same intervals (P < 0.001). Symptom severity, as indicated by the IPSS, underwent a significant improvement from 21.33 ± 3.1 to 5.1 ± 3.4 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Ejaculation-sparing thulium laser enucleation is an effective and safe treatment for BPH. It offers notable improvements in urinary function and symptom relief, and it also helps to preserve sexual function.

Introduction: Rhinoplasty, as one of the most common cosmetic surgeries, can cause several postoperative complications. Management of the early complications, such as edema and ecchymosis, can reduce patients’ concerns and shorten the recovery period. Several methods have been applied to reduce these complications. Recently, light-emitting diode therapy, which operates on the principles of photobiomodulation, has gained some attention in managing these complications. Its ability to enhance tissue healing and shorten the recovery period can play a role in improving postoperative outcomes. This study evaluates the effects of light-emitting diode therapy on ecchymosis, edema, and wound healing after rhinoplasty.

Methods: A randomized controlled clinical study was conducted. Sixty patients who underwent rhinoplasty were included. Patients were randomly assigned to either the control or intervention group. The intervention group received light-emitting diode therapy using red light (660nm) three times a day for 10 minutes at each session, over 14 days. The effects of light-emitting diode therapy on early postoperative complications, such as ecchymosis, edema, and the wound healing process, were evaluated. The outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results: In the intervention group, patients had a significant reduction in ecchymosis and edema at one and two weeks after the surgery compared to the control group. Pairwise comparison in the intervention group revealed that ecchymosis reduced significantly during first and second weeks (P<0.001 and P=0.03, respectively). However, edema showed significant improvement primarily during the second week (P<0.001). This suggests a slower resolution rate for edema. Additionally, the rate of wound healing was significant in the intervention group at two weeks post-surgery (P=0.037), with further notable improvement observed at one month (P<0.001). No adverse effects were reported.

Conclusion: Light-emitting diode therapy can reduce early postoperative complications, such as ecchymosis and edema, and accelerate wound healing during the first two weeks after rhinoplasty.

Introduction: The extraction of lower third molars often results in pain, swelling, and trismus, significantly impacting recovery. Conventional pharmacological treatments, though effective, pose risks like systemic side effects. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a promising noninvasive alternative, known for its anti-inflammatory and healing properties. This study evaluates the efficacy of home-use PBM devices in postoperative recovery, emphasizing accessibility and patient adherence.

Methods: A split-mouth pilot study was conducted with 12 participants (18–45 years old) undergoing bilateral third molar extractions. One side was treated with daily PBM therapy using a low-level light device (four wavelengths: 940 nm, 850 nm, 660 nm, 630 nm) for seven days, while the other side served as a placebo. Recovery metrics, including pain (VAS scale), swelling, trismus, and medication use, were assessed daily. Statistical analysis utilized the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results: The PBM group showed significantly reduced pain (Day 3: P=0.001), swelling (Day 7: P=0.001), and trismus (Day 4: P=0.037), with sustained improvements through Day 7. Analgesic use was significantly lower in the PBM group (Day 4: P=0.001), demonstrating PBM’s analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusion: Home-use PBM therapy effectively manages postoperative complications, accelerating recovery and reducing medication dependence. It offers a practical, non-invasive alternative to clinic-based treatments, enhancing accessibility and adherence. Further studies are recommended to validate these findings and optimize PBM protocols.

Introduction: The increasing occurrence of antifungal resistance agents poses a significant challenge in the field of dentistry, necessitating new therapeutic alternatives for treating fungal infections. This study compares the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using two wavelengths of diode lasers and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on Candida albicans cultures.

Methods: A standard 0.5 McFarland suspension of C. albicans was prepared and transferred to a 96-well microplate. These samples were divided into 10 groups as follows: 1- Positive control, 2- 450 nm laser, 3- PDT with 450 nm laser+curcumin, 4- 660 nm laser, 5- PDT with 660 nm laser+methylene blue, 6 and 7- Cold plasma for 180 and 210 seconds, 8- Nystatin, 9- Curcumin, 10- Methylene blue. Then the colony counts of C. albicans (CFU/mL) were recorded. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, One way ANOVA, and Tamhane’s test (P<0.05).

Results: The mean reduction in the number of C. albicans colonies in the nystatin group was significantly higher than all other groups (P<0.05). The 660 nm laser group showed significant reduction in the colony count compared to the positive control, 210-second cold plasma, and 450 nm PDT groups (P<0.05). The 180-second cold plasma group had significantly higher reduction in the colony count compared to the positive control and 450 nm PDT groups (P<0.05). The methylene blue, 450 nm laser, and 210-second cold plasma groups also showed significantly higher reductions compared to the positive control (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Cold plasma with the feeding gas of helium for 180 seconds exposure and the lowpower 660 nm laser showed inhibitory effects on C. albicans colonies and were more effective than PDT. Nystatin application significantly reduced the number of C. albicans colonies and was more effective than cold plasma, laser irradiation, and PDT.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effects of supplemental conditioning methods, including extended etching time, Er,Cr:YSGG laser radiation, and sandblasting, on enhancing the recovery of white spot lesions (WSLs) through resin infiltration.

Methods: Seventy premolars were subjected to a cariogenic solution to induce WSLs. Subsequently, the teeth were divided into 5 groups of 14, based on the enamel conditioning protocol applied, as follows: Group 1: Icon-Etch (Control), Group 2: Double Icon-Etch, Group 3: Sandblasting+Icon-Etch, Group 4: Er,Cr:YSGG laser+Icon-Etch, and Group 5: IconEtch+Er,Cr:YSGG laser+Icon-Etch. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm) was applied at 0.75 W and 20 Hz. Tooth color was measured initially (T0), after WSL induction (T1), and following resin infiltration (T2). Color changes between treatment stages were compared among the groups.

Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) displayed no significant differences in ΔET0-T1 or ΔET1-T2 between the groups (P>0.05). However, a significant difference was found between the groups in the color change from baseline to post-resin infiltration (ΔET0-T2) (P=0.004). The ΔET0-T2 was significantly lower in groups 4 and 5 compared to the control group and group 3. Group 2 did not demonstrate a significant difference from the other groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The combination of laser etching and acid etching was effective in enhancing the recovery of WSLs through resin infiltration. The ΔET0-T2 in groups subjected to laser plus acid etching fell below the critical threshold of 3.7 units, indicating that the post-treatment tooth color was not clinically distinguishable from the original tooth color.

Introduction: As a serious urological emergency, testicular torsion (TT) results in ischemia and oxidative stress, negatively impacting sperm function and potentially causing persistent infertility. This research seeks to evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy as a viable therapeutic intervention for the condition of testicular torsion.

Methods: Male NMRI mice (n=24) were classified into four distinct experimental groups: I) Control, II) laser (L), III) Torsion (T), IV) Torsion accompanied by laser intervention (T&L). We induced testicular torsion by rotating both testes 720° in a counterclockwise direction, and then, after 2 hours, detorsion was performed. In the T&L group, following the torsion induction, the mice’s testes underwent laser irradiation at a wavelength of 808 nm (0.03 J/cm²) for 21 days. Post-sacrifice dissection of the testes and epididymis was performed for additional examination.

Results: Sperm motility was significantly higher in the laser-treated group relative to the T group. Furthermore, microscopic evaluation indicated that the T&L group exhibited greater spermatogonia and Leydig cell counts, as well as enlarged seminiferous tubule diameter and thicker epithelium compared to the T group.

Conclusion: On the basis of the present findings, laser therapy can mitigate complications from testicular torsion and improve sperm motility and testicular histopathology.

Introduction: Holmium laser prostatectomy (HoLEP) is widely used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), though primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) is less commonly recognized despite similar symptoms. Treatment outcomes can vary, especially when diagnosis is delayed, but the condition is sometimes not very different from BPH. The purpose of this study was to compare PBNO patients with those undergoing surgery for BPH, even though PBNO is not always treated surgically.

Methods: A total of 79 men from three hospitals in Jordan (PBNO=30, BPH=49) were reviewed retrospectively. They all received HoLEP regardless of individual suitability or prior diagnostic clarity. Data were collected through symptom scoring (IPSS, OABSS), but not all patients completed the follow-ups equally.

Results: While patients with PBNO showed symptom improvement after surgery, the improvements were not always significant or clearly linked to the procedure itself. Interestingly, PBNO patients had shorter surgeries (27.2 vs. 60.5 minutes, P<0.01), though it is unclear whether that impacted recovery. Despite reporting fewer complications, their satisfaction was lower (64.3% vs. 93.8%, P=0.09), perhaps due to reasons not directly assessed in the study. Repeated Measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant improvement in IPSS scores over time in both groups: PBNO (F(2.1, 58.4)=16.8, P<0.001) and BPH (F(2.4, 116.8)=21.3, P<0.001). Similarly, OABSS scores showed a significant improvement over time for both PBNO (F(2.6, 74.0)=8.9, P<0.001) and BPH (F(2.8, 134.2)=9.7, P<0.001).

Conclusion: HoLEP appears effective for PBNO, though it may not be the most suitable approach in all cases. Since PBNO differs from BPH, further studies might be needed, or perhaps not, depending on patient variability.

Introduction: Dentin Hypersensitivity is a clinical condition in which a patient experiences intense, short-duration pain.  This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate paste (CPP-ACP) used alone or combined with a diode laser in treating dental hypersensitivity.

Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were enrolled in this randomized, double-masked clinical trial based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria screened at the Department of Periodontology at Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. They were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: Group I: CPP-ACP paste, Group II: Diode laser only (for 100-150 seconds, on 980nm/0.5-1W laser 19J/cm), Group III: CPP-ACP paste with diode laser, Group IV: Placebo treatment. To assess pain intensity, discomfort (botheration), and tolerance, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used. Patients rated their experiences on a scale from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater severity. For statistical analysis, a twoway ANOVA test was applied to assess the mean difference within groups after considering the normality of data distribution. A P-value of<0.05 was considered significant, indicating a meaningful difference between treatment effects.

Results: All treatment groups showed a significant reduction in VAS pain, botheration, and tolerance, with consistent improvement. The laser-only group (Group II) showed consistent improvement, with the most crucial change occurring immediately after the treatment among variables of VAS pain, botheration, and tolerance.

Conclusion: Diode laser therapy appears to be the most effective treatment for managing dental hypersensitivity. However, combining CPP-ACP with a diode laser is also a viable option depending on individual patient needs and preferences.

Trial Registration: ID: NCT06463938. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06463938. Name of the trial registry: A Clinical Trial to Compare Lasotronix Alone or in Combination With CPP-ACP to Treat DH. Registration date: 2024-05-12

Introduction: Increased tissue regeneration is facilitated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with photobiomodulation (PBM) effectively promoting their proliferation. This study examines the impact of PBM on human third molar follicle stem cells using three diode lasers, addressing the need for further investigation regarding its parameters.

Methods: The third molar follicle stem cells of four consented patients were removed after surgical extraction of third molars. These cells were then exposed to laser radiation with wavelengths of 660 (energy density: 3 and 5.1 J/cm2), 808 (energy density: 3 and 5 J/cm2), and 980 (energy density: 3.2 and 5/2 J/cm2) nanometers at time intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hours. The proliferation and viability of the cells were determined using the MTT test. The data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, utilizing SPSS software version 22, with a significance threshold of 0.05. Results: The highest average number of human third molar follicle stem cells was obtained at 660 nanometers and an energy density of 5.1 J/cm2 in 24 hours. This specific laser protocol significantly outperformed other conditions in promoting cellular proliferation.

Conclusion: PBM at the 660-nm wavelength administered with a dose of 5.1 J/cm² and a 24-hour incubation period appears to be the most effective condition for enhancing the proliferation and survival of human third molar follicle stem cells. These findings provide a potential basis for standardized PBM protocols in regenerative dentistry.

Introduction: Nail psoriasis poses a notable challenge due to its significant impact on patient’s quality of life and its resistance to traditional treatments. Recent interest has focused on laser therapies, which offer targeted treatment by addressing the underlying inflammatory processes of the disease. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of pulsed dye laser (PDL), fractional CO2 laser, and Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser for nail psoriasis.
Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with mild to moderate bilateral nail psoriasis were enrolled at Razi hospital. The participants were divided into four groups: Nd:YAG laser, PDL, fractional CO2 laser, and a control group treated with calcipotriol/betamethasone ointment. Each received four treatment sessions over four months. The Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) was used to evaluate effectiveness, while pain and satisfaction were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical significance was determined, with P<0.05 as the threshold.
Results: The study found that PDL achieved the highest reduction in NAPSI scores, with a significant 62.4% decrease, followed by a 54.6% decrease with the fractional CO2 laser. In contrast, the Nd:YAG laser achieved a less notable 32.4% improvement, while the ointment control group showed a 15.9% decrease. Pain was least reported in the PDL group, and satisfaction scores were highest among these patients. The PDL and fractional CO2 lasers outperformed both the Nd:YAG laser and the topical therapy in effectiveness and patient comfort.
Conclusion: PDL and fractional CO2 laser treatments are superior interventions for managing nail psoriasis, providing a significant improvement in NAPSI scores and better patient experiences compared to the Nd:YAG laser and topical ointment. These findings endorse the inclusion of laser therapy in management plans for nail psoriasis, suggesting further research into optimizing their use and potential combination with other therapies.
Trial Registration: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/; identifier: IRCT20220723055530N4.

Introduction: The use of hysteroscopic laser ablation for intrauterine diseases is a new technology. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel 450-nm wavelength laser system for hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps.

Methods: This retrospective study included 49 patients with suspected endometrial polyps treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, between October 2022 and November 2023. The participants were allocated into two groups: the blue laser group (n=24) and the control group, which underwent traditional hysteroscopic resection (n=25).

Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. Both groups achieved a 100% success rate in terms of cutting and hemostatic efficiency for endometrial polyps. The operation time for the blue laser group was marginally shorter than that for the electric resection group (6.63 minutes vs. 7.96 minutes, P=0.213), and the change in hemoglobin level was slightly lower in the blue laser group than in the electric resection group (7.96 g/L vs. 10.4 g/L, P=0.643); however, these differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the rate of secondary cervical dilation, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, or surgeon satisfaction with the surgical system.

Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that blue laser hysteroscopic endometrial polypectomy is both effective and safe. Nonetheless, to comprehensively assess the long-term effects and potential benefits of this novel technology, larger randomized controlled trials are warranted.

Introduction: The current study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in intra-bony defect regeneration by comparing the clinical parameters between periodontitis patients with intra-bony defects treated with simplified papilla preservation flap (SPPF) alone and SPPF with the adjunctive use of LLLT.

Methods: The current study is a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 64 patients/sites, 32 sites treated with SPPF – control group and 32 sites treated with SPPF and adjunctive use of LLLT (SPPF+LLLT) – test group. Clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), position of gingival margin (PGM), radiographic intra-bony defect depth (R-IBD), full mouth plaque score (FMPS), and full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were evaluated at baseline, 6 months, and one year post-surgery. Radiographic defect depths were assessed at baseline and one year post-surgery. The results were statistically analyzed.

Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the PPD, CAL, PGM, and radiographic defect depth in the test group at the 6 months and one year post-surgery when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the total number of sites with PPD more than 4 mm was reduced significantly in the test group when compared to the control group at 6 months and one year.

Conclusion: The current study reports a significant improvement in PPD and radiographic intrabony defect fill in periodontitis patients treated with adjunctive LLLT supplementing SPPF. The article evaluates the adjunctive usage of LLLT in periodontal regeneration. The results reiterate the synergistic role of LLLT with periodontal surgical therapy for accelerated regenerative outcomes.

Introduction: Blue light with therapeutic properties is the high-energy part of the visible light spectrum with various biological effects. The main aim of this study is to elucidate blue light exposure and anxiety via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis.

Methods: Anxiety-related genes were extracted from the GeneCards database and assessed via gene clustering and PPI network analysis to identify the hub genes. Blue light-targeted genes in 3D skin were revealed from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The significant DEGs were searched among the hub genes. The common significant DEGs and the hub genes, together with their first neighbors, were determined and discussed.

Results: A total number of 56 significant DEGs were pointed out as the targets of blue light. Among the 10696 anxiety-related genes, 772 individuals were selected as top genes and evaluated via PPI network analysis. IL6 appeared as the common gene between the significant DEGs and the 55 hub genes of the PPI network. Twelve genes were pointed out as the first neighbors of IL6. GIFtS analysis showed that Il6, H3-5, PFN1, DEFB103A, HMGB1, and RPLP1 were genes related to anxiety and were targeted by blue light.

Conclusion: In conclusion, six targeted genes by blue light were related to anxiety. Downregulation of IL6 appeared as a factor in improving anxiety. However, the first neighbors of IL6 were not consistent with the role of IL6 in the decrement of anxiety.

In the article titled “Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Cord Blood Plasma and Photobiomodulation Therapy Down-Regulated Caspase 3, LC3 and Beclin 1 Markers in the PCOS Oocyte: An In Vitro Study,” published in J Lasers Med Sci 2023;14:e23 (doi: 10.34172/jlms.2023.23), there was an error in the Ethical approval section.
The ethics approval code was incorrectly reported as:

“The Ethics Committee at Shahid Beheshti Medical University in Tehran, Iran, approved the in vitro clinical study (IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1401.416). Contributors agreed verbally and in writing to contribute to the study. Patients from Erfan Niyaish hospital (Tehran, Iran) donated oocytes for the current study between 2021 and 2022.”
The correct ethics approval code is:

IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1401.223
The corrected sentence should read: “The Ethics Committee at Shahid Beheshti Medical University in Tehran, Iran, approved the in vitro clinical study (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1401.223). Contributors agreed verbally and in writing to contribute to the study. Patients from Erfan Niyaish hospital (Tehran, Iran) donated oocytes for the current study between 2021 and 2022.” This correction has now been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Introduction: Glass ceramic veneers are intensely bonded to the underlying tooth structure, so the conventional method (grinding) for their removal is destructive and time-consuming for both veneers and the underlying tooth structure. This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) that is required for the removal of leucite reinforced (LR) glass ceramic of different thicknesses after Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation and the effect of this type of laser on intra-pulpal temperature.

Methods: The enamel surfaces of 40 bovine mandibular incisors were arbitrarily divided into four main groups (n=10) after preparation, based on the thicknesses of veneer discs, which were fabricated from LR glass ceramic: C1: Control group, L1: Laser-treated group in which LR discs were 0.5mm in thickness and 5mm in diameter, C2: Control group, and L2: Laser-treated group in which LR discs were 1mm in thickness and 5mm in diameter. Temperature measurement was taken for laser-irradiated groups before and at the end of laser treatment, which was applied using a scanning technique for 60 seconds with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 2.5 W and 25 HZ. SBS was evaluated using the universal testing machine for all samples. After de-bonding, a stereomicroscope was used to estimate the failure mode based on the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The independent samples t-test was performed to analyze the recorded data.

Results: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser significantly decreased SBS for Laser-treated groups (P≤0.05). The SBS decreased with decreasing disc thickness, with no statistically significant differences P>0.05). ARI had higher scores for the laser-treated groups than for the control groups. Laser irradiation increased intra-pulpal temperature slightly but within the safety range (5.5 ºC).

Conclusion: Using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser with the scanning technique could be a safe and effective tool for de-bonding LR glass ceramic veneers.

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of high-power laser therapy (HPLT) in treating myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the upper trapezius muscle, a key contributor to myofascial pain syndrome.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial enrolled 40 participants with clinically confirmed active MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle. Participants were randomly allocated to either the HPLT group or the control group. Both groups received ten treatment sessions over a twoweek period. The high- ower laser group was treated using a 15-watt laser device (810/980 nm wavelengths), while the control group received routine physiotherapy. Outcomes (Visual Analog Scale, neck disability, cervical range of motion) were assessed before and after the intervention.

Results: Significant improvements were observed in both groups, with the HPLT group showing superior outcomes. Pain intensity in the laser group declined by 4.06 points (6.39±1.65 and 2.23±1.24 before and after the intervention, respectively) compared to 2.33 (7.11±1.88 and 4.78±2.18 before and after the intervention, respectively) in the control group (P<0.001). The Neck Disability Index also showed a more pronounced reduction in the laser group (18.35±6.19 and 6.15±3.64 before and after the intervention, respectively) compared to the control group (21.90±7.49 and 15.50±9.09 before and  after the intervention, respectively) (P<0.001). Although both groups showed improved cervical side-bending range of motion (ROM), no significant difference was noted (P>0.05).

Conclusion: High-power laser therapy provided significant pain relief and functional neck improvement for individuals suffering from upper trapezius MTrPs. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of HILT as a viable therapeutic modality for musculoskeletal pain, particularly MTrPs. 

Introduction: In vivo modeling of intraocular neoplasms remains challenging due to the limitations of conventional methods, such as the poor viability of xenografted B16 melanoma cells, the need for immunosuppression, and discrepancies between histopathological features and those of human uveal melanoma. Developing a biologically relevant, reproducible model for transscleral photodynamic therapy (TS-PDT) using chlorin-based photosensitizers is essential, particularly to assess radiation penetration depth and the safety profile of the method.

Methods: A model of an intraocular mass was created using an alloplant—an acellular biomaterial derived from the kidney capsule—implanted into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit eyes in both pigmented and non-pigmented variants. TS-PDT was performed using chlorin e6 (2.5 mg/kg) and a 660 nm laser (0.17 W, 10 minutes). Monitoring included ultrasound imaging, fundus photography, and histological analysis conducted 41 days post-treatment.

Results: The alloplant maintained structural integrity and elicited only minimal inflammatory response. The absence of thermal damage to the sclera confirmed the safety of the selected treatment parameters. In the choroid, focal thrombosis, vascular ectasia, and stromal fibrosis were observed. Retinal necrosis overlying the alloplant (penetration depth>3 mm) indicated sufficient radiation penetration. The pigmented model demonstrated accumulations of pigmentladen macrophages, replicating the optical properties of melanin-containing tissues.

Conclusion: This alloplant-based model enables standardized TS-PDT investigation with clinical relevance and confirmed safety. The selective effect on deep ocular tissues supports TS-PDT’s potential in eye-preserving tumor therapy. Future directions include studying neovascularization and optimizing treatment protocols.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe condition often leading to lasting neurological impairment and associated reproductive health issues in males. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) during the inflammatory phase of SCI to prevent oxidative damage, reduce inflammation, and mitigate potential damage to testicular function.
Methods: Eighteen male rats were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (laminectomy only), group B (contusion), and group C (contusion + PBMT). Thirty minutes post-injury, group C received PBMT for two weeks. Histological and stereological analysis was evaluated using the hematoxylin and eosin test (H&E). ELISA and real-time PCR were performed for eight weeks
post-SCI to assess testosterone and inflammatory and apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results: The SCI group exhibited significant reductions in sperm count (mean ± SD: 14.2 ± 86.1), motility (34.8 ± 72.8), and viability (26.12 ± 43.9), with increased levels of inflammatory markers (IL-1 β: 4.4 ± 71.6, TNF-α: 3.14 ± 66) and damage to testicular structure. In contrast, animals treated with PBMT showed significant improvements in sperm parameters (sperm count: 48 ± 34, motility: 57.2 ± 18.5, viability: 52 .3 ± 88.2) and a marked reduction in inflammation (IL-1 β: 3.09 ± 14.2, TNF-α: 2.67 ± 74.1) compared to untreated SCI animals (P < 0.001). Additionally,PBMT-treated animals demonstrated significant improvements in testosterone levels (1.57 ± 44.8) and a reversal of testicular cell loss (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that PBMT mitigates the negative effects of SCI on testicular tissue by reducing inflammation and preserving cellular integrity, thus supporting its use as a dual therapeutic approach to aid neurological recovery and maintain reproductive health.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the influence of different erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser pulse widths (pulse durations) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of layered ceramic to zirconia substructures.

Methods: A total of 60 zirconia blocks (5 mm radius and 10 mm height) were divided into 6 groups. Group C received no treatment, while Group S was treated with sandblasting using aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Groups L1, L2, L3, and L4 were irradiated with Er: YAG lasers with pulse widths of 50 µs, 100 µs, 300 µs, and 600 µs, respectively. The layered ceramics were applied using a custom index and then sintered. The specimens were mounted in acrylic resin and subjected to a SBS test at a speed of 0.5 mm/min using a universal testing machine until the bonding surface developed cracks. The mode of failure was observed under a microscope.

Results: The highest SBS was observed in the L4 and L2 groups, followed by the L3, L1, and S groups. Group C showed the least SBS. However, no significant difference was found between laser groups (L1, L2, L3, and L4) and group S.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of surface treatment in improving the bond strength of zirconia restorations. The use of Er: YAG laser irradiation can produce a rougher surface, which is beneficial for adhesion. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians seeking to improve the durability and longevity of zirconia-based restorations.

Introduction: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent form of hair loss, affecting both males and females. Current treatment modalities show varying degrees of efficacy, including high recurrence rates, potential adverse effects, and surgical trauma. The 1927-nm thulium laser has emerged as a promising alternative treatment, offering long-term benefits with good patient tolerability and minimal side effects.

Methods: A pre- and post-treatment study design was utilized to assess the efficacy of 1927- nm thulium laser therapy in ten patients with AGA. The procedure involved laser application with a pulse duration of 300 µs, power output of 5 W, and a treatment distance of 0.7 mm, performed without anesthesia. Participants underwent two treatment sessions at two-week intervals, followed by a post-treatment evaluation two weeks after the final session. The primary outcome was the Global Photographic Assessment, based on a 7-point scale evaluating standardized clinical photographs before and after treatment. The secondary outcome was patient satisfaction, measured using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-tests for parametric data and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for non-parametric data, with a two-tailed significance threshold.

Results: A significant clinical improvement was observed at follow-ups 1 and 2 when compared to baseline, with scores (mean±SD) of 1.10±0.316 and 2.00±0.471 (P<0.05). The patients also scored their satisfaction, which showed a significant improvement compared to baseline, with scores of 1.90±0.316 and 3.00±0.471 for follow-ups 1 and 2, respectively (P<0.05). No treatment-related adverse events were reported, and pain levels during the procedure were minimal.

Conclusion: Thulium laser therapy is safe and effective in short-term evaluation for hair regrowth in AGA patients.

Introduction: The solar radiation spectrum, which reaches the Earth’s surface, spans from infrared to ultraviolet. In the present study, human skin response to solar-stimulation radiation was assessed via directed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis.

Methods: Data were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The gene expression profiles of human skin after exposure to 100J/M2 versus the control were selected from GSE22083. The data were evaluated via box plot analysis and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot assessment. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were visualized via a Venn diagram. After cleaning the data, the queried DEGs were assessed via the directed PPI network by the application of the CluePedia plugin of Cytoscape software. The critical DEGs were pointed out based on out-degree value. Key actor genes were searched in GeneCards to find a suitable description of them.

Results: Among 1482 significant DEGs, AURKA, CENPA, PP2R1B, UBE2O, RPA3, YKT6, SMARCA5, and SMAD3 were identified and highlighted as the critical actor genes in response to solar-stimulated radiation in human skin.

Conclusion: AURKA appeared as the top-ranked DEGs in response to solar radiation in the human skin. Based on the findings, AURKA was pointed out as a suitable target against photoaging. The relationship between solar-stimulated radiation and photoaging, cancer promotion, innate immune system, DNA replication, repair of UV damage-induced, vesicular trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, exosome production, autophagy, maintenance of nucleosome spacing, and process of progressive fibrosis were established

Introduction: Over the past decade, energy-based therapies have been introduced as noninvasive and restorative treatment modalities for erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, previous studies have shown the efficacy of penile vibratory stimulation and photobiomodulation in treating erectile dysfunction. Integrating these therapeutic approaches, which are employed simultaneously in the Vibradiofotology technology, may lead to achieving better outcomes in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Vibradiofotology technology delivered via the Erectofix device in patients with erectile dysfunction.

Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, fifty-five patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction were included. The patients were assigned to either the control group or the intervention group. In the intervention group, the patients received treatment with the Erectofix device for five sessions. Each session lasted 45 minutes and was administered once a week. Meanwhile, the control group received oral medication along with sham laser treatment.

Results: Among the fifty-five patients included in the study, 27 were assigned to the intervention group and 28 to the control group. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in each domain of the IIEF score compared to the control group. The erectile function showed a significantly greater increase in IIEF scores in the intervention group (19.59±5.57) compared to the control group (7.39±2.23; P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements were observed in orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction in the intervention group.

Conclusion: Vibradiofotology technology, which integrates different therapeutic approaches, may be a safe treatment option for erectile dysfunction. Improvements in IIEF scores, patients’ overall satisfaction, and erectile function can be promising in the efficacy of this modality. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of the present study, further research is required to investigate the potential benefits of this novel modality in improving patients’ quality of life.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is common, and occlusal splints (OSs) and low-power laser (LPL) therapy are effective conservative treatments. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of conventionally and digitally fabricated OS, with and without LPL, in treating TMD patients.

Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with TMDs were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. The first group received LPL therapy in conjunction with digitally fabricated OS. The second group was treated with LPL therapy and conventionally fabricated OS. The third group received digitally made OS without LPL, and the fourth group was provided with conventionally fabricated OS without LPL. Patients’ pain levels were evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before treatment (pre-treatment) and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-treatment. The Association of Dental Research (IADR) scale was used to measure mouth opening and mandibular movements. Additionally, the physical characteristics of the OS were assessed over the 3-month period, including their resistance to failure, color change, and the level of patient satisfaction with the treatments.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences in color change or failure rates between conventionally and digitally fabricated occlusal splints after three months (P>0.05). Likewise, patient satisfaction levels did not differ significantly between the two splint types (P>0.05). However, the conventionally fabricated splints required significantly more adjustment points and a longer delivery time (P<0.05). All four treatment groups experienced a significant reduction in pain intensity following the interventions (P<0.05). Additionally, the group receiving low-power laser therapy with digitally fabricated splints demonstrated greater improvements in all three movement parameters (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The use of a combined treatment approach, involving a digitally-fabricated OS and LPL therapy could yield greater benefits for patients with TMDs in terms of pain reduction and functional improvements.

In the article titled “Therapeutic Effects of Combination Therapy and Photobiomodulation

Therapy on Retinal Regeneration” published in J Lasers Med Sci 2022;13:e36 (doi: 10.34172/
jlms.2022.36), there was an error in the Ethical approval section.
The ethics approval code was incorrectly reported as:
“All protocols were confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1400.008).”
The correct ethics approval code is:
IR.SBMU.REC.1400.008
The corrected sentence should read:
“ All protocols were confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.REC.1400.008 ) ”

Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a 660 nm laser along with methylene blue (MB) and cold atmospheric plasma therapy (CAP) on Streptococcus sanguinis. Since S. sanguinis plays a pivotal role in biofilm formation, alongside its ability to survive in the bloodstream, it significantly heightens the risk of infective endocarditis.
Methods: In this in-vitro study, the S. sanguinis strain was cultured on a blood agar medium, and the samples were evenly distributed among eight experimental groups using equalization methods with nine repetitions. The experimental groups were 8 groups. Following the interventions, the samples were cultured using the pour plate method. After 48 hours, the samples were retrieved, and the number of bacterial colonies was counted. The changes in colony numbers, after normal
transformation, were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA model, with the between-subject factor considered in the analysis.
Results: The highest colony count was observed in the control group. Particularly, in both the PLASMA group and the group treated with PLASMA + PDT using the 660 nm laser alone, there was no significant difference from the control group (PLASMA: P > 0.05; PLASMA + PDT: P > 0.05). However, the combination of CAP, PDT with the 660 nm laser, and MB demonstrated
a significant reduction in colony counts compared to the control group (PLASMA + PDT + MB: P = 0.000), making it the most effective intervention in this study.
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the combination of CAP and PDT using a 660 nm laser with MB achieved the most significant reduction in S. sanguinis colonies.

Introduction: Inadequate wound treatment can lead to complications like methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, increased medical risks, and skin ulcers. Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat, and Indonesia’s injury prevalence has increased. Laser photobiomodulation therapy, using near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, has shown potential in accelerating wound healing by stimulating cellular energy, enhancing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting cell proliferation and collagen synthesis.

Methods: Each treatment sample received NIR therapy for 15 minutes per session on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5. Wound measurements were recorded, and blood samples were collected for laboratory testing to assess the effectiveness of laser therapy in postoperative wound healing. Meanwhile, the control group did not receive therapy but underwent wound measurements and blood sample collection. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS non-parametric Friedman test to compare the mean values of TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 expression between the control and therapy groups. The MannWhitney test followed this to determine whether there were significant differences between the groups. A significance level of P<0.05 was used.

Results: The use of NIR laser therapy in the treatment group resulted in a 35% reduction in wound length and a 46% reduction in wound width. In the control group, wound length decreased by 30%, while wound width decreased by 26%. These results indicate that NIR therapy is effective in tissue regeneration, as evidenced by the reduction in wound size due to granulation formation and re-epithelialization. Statistical analysis of laboratory assessments showed significant differences in IL-1β and TGF-β1 cytokine expression (P<0.05) in the treatment group, while TNF-α expression did not show a significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups.

Conclusion: Clinical assessment shows that NIR has an effect on the formation of better wound tissue and shows good wound quality.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate tooth and composite discoloration after photodynamic therapy using different concentrations of photosensitizers, combined with various cleaning agents (water, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA), immediately and after accelerated aging.

Methods: In this in vitro study, 104 bovine maxillary central incisors were selected. Enameldentin discs (7×7×2 mm) were prepared from the middle of the crown and subjected to an artificial demineralization and remineralization cycle for 14 days. The samples were divided into 13 groups: Photodynamic therapy using methylene blue or toluidine blue at two concentrations of 50 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml, each with three detergents (water, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, or 17% EDTA), and a control group: disinfection with chlorhexidine 2%. The surface of the dentin was bonded, and the composite resin was applied. All specimens underwent 100 hours of xenon lamp exposure. Tooth and composite colors were measured at baseline, after photodynamic therapy, and after accelerated aging. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD.

Results: Color change caused by methylene blue (50 µg/ml) and rinsing with EDTA or sodium hypochlorite was below the perceptibility threshold (ΔE<3.3). According to the Tukey HSD test, no significant difference was observed between this group and the control group (P>0.05). All groups demonstrated clinically perceptible composite discoloration.

Conclusion: Tooth discoloration after photodynamic therapy with 50 µg/ml methylene blue and rinsing with EDTA or sodium hypochlorite is not visually detectable. Photodynamic therapy with 100 µg/ml methylene blue or toluidine blue leads to the discoloration of composite restorations. 

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 660 nm diode laser in combination with 8% arginine-based toothpaste compared to the laser used independently for managing dentinal hypersensitivity (DH).

Methods: A total of 12 patients with severe hypersensitivity were included in the study. Selected teeth were randomly assigned to a Test site (diode laser 660 nm+8% arginine toothpaste) and a control site (660 nm diode laser alone). The selected teeth were irradiated using a 660-nm diode laser at 25 mW power for 60 seconds at a 1cm2 area (1.66×10 -6 J/m3 ) in continuous mode using multi-tip low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (8 mm). DH scores were assessed using the VAS and the SCASS at baseline, 15 minutes post-application, and on days 15 and 30.

Results: Clinical parameters such as the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale (SCASS) were expressed as mean±SD or median with IQR. The 660-nm diode laser with 8% arginine- ontaining toothpaste showed a notable and sustained reduction in mean VAS scores and SCASS scores 15 minutes post-application and on days 15 and 30, compared to the diode laser (660 nm) alone. A P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Conclusion: The adjunctive use of a diode laser (660 nm) with 8% arginine-containing toothpaste shows promise as a treatment alternative for alleviating DH. Unlike conventional desensitizing agents, which predominantly obstruct dentinal tubules or interfere with nerve response, this combination therapy reduces sensitivity immediately and sustainably via two mechanisms: laser-induced nerve modulation and arginine-mediated tubule occlusion. These findings imply that it could serve as a more effective alternative to standard desensitizing toothpaste or laser therapy when used alone.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in severe neurological deficits and secondary complications, including disruptions in female reproductive health. Current treatment options are limited in addressing both neurological recovery and reproductive outcomes. This study investigated the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on spinal cord healing and ovarian health in a female rat model of SCI.

Methods: In this study, 18 rats were divided into three groups (Control, contusion and PBMT) and SCI was induced by a weight drop model. Real-time PCR use for gene expression (GDF9, BMP15 and BMP4), histological analyses for ovarian tissues by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), cell counting and ovary volume by stereology and estrogen level measured by ELISA kit.

Results: Real-time PCR results showed that PBMT treatment significantly reduced inflammation, evidenced by lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and facilitated tissue repair in the ovary. Additionally, stereology results showed that ovarian assessments revealed improved follicular structure and overall enhancement of ovarian function in the PBMT-treated group compared to the contusion group, and this result is statistically significant.

Conclusion: This research highlights the dual benefits of PBMT in supporting neurological recovery and safeguarding reproductive health in female rats following SCI. These findings point to the potential of PBMT as a novel therapeutic approach to improve outcomes for women affected by SCI.

Introduction: Severe burns require skin transplantation, although donor site problems are common. Low-level laser therapy can lessen these problems by accelerating the donor site’s healing process. In children having skin transplant surgeries for burn injuries, the study evaluated the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in promoting faster healing of donor areas.

Methods: Forty children aged five to sixteen with third-degree burns covering 20% to 35% of their total body surface area (TBSA) took part in the study. Each child underwent split-thick skin grafting (STSG) using the thigh as the donor site. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: one received a placebo laser treatment for three weeks, and the other received low-level laser therapy three times weekly. All subjects were given standard wound care. Donor site healing was monitored on days 1, 11, and 21 post-operations by measuring the wound surface area with J Image software and photographs.

Results: Forty children participated in the study, with an equal number of males and females split into two groups of twenty each. With no statistically significant age difference, the treatment group average age was 11.15±3.03 years, whereas the placebo group was 9.9±3.42 years. However, there was a significant difference (t=-5.5, P<0.001) between the treatment group and the placebo group, as the treatment group’s baseline TBSA value was significantly lower (80.04±12.81) than the placebo group’s (99.8±9.7).

Conclusion: Despite baseline variances, considerable statistical differences indicate that lowlevel laser therapy considerably enhances donor site healing in pediatric burn patients.

Introduction: Chronic periodontitis remains highly prevalent and often requires surgical therapy when nonsurgical approaches are insufficient. Evidence on adjunctive diode-laser use during modified Widman flap (MWF) surgery in Vietnamese patients is limited. The present study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of Vietnamese patients with chronic periodontitis and to evaluate the 6-month outcomes of diode-laser-assisted MWF surgery.

Methods: In this prospective single-arm clinical study, 41 patients (26–68 years; mean 42.0±9.8) presenting with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were consecutively treated at Hue Central Hospital. After initial therapy, an MWF was performed. The wound bed and pocket walls were irradiated with an 810 nm diode laser (0.7–0.8 W, continuous mode, 30–40 s per site). Clinical variables—Plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP %), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)—were recorded at baseline, 1 week, 3 months and 6 months. Changes were analysed with paired t-test (SPSS 16.0; α=0.05).

Results: Baseline mean PD and CAL were 5.99±0.53 mm and 5.19±1.06 mm, respectively. Significant improvements (P<0.01) were observed at all follow-ups. At 6 months, PD decreased by 3.07±1.63 mm and CAL gained 2.16±0.94 mm. GI dropped from 2.42±0.53 to 0.51±0.74, PlI from 2.35±0.72 to 0.56±0.90, and BOP from 77.68±17.51 % to 33.92±19.75 %. Overall, 78 % of cases achieved a “good” therapeutic response, with no serious adverse events.

Conclusion: The diode-laser-assisted MWF produced substantial and sustained reductions in inflammation, plaque accumulation, pocket depth and attachment loss in Vietnamese patients with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis. The technique appears to be an effective surgical adjunct and warrants controlled comparative trials.

Introduction: Erosion is the loss of minerals by acids without the intervention of microorganisms. Complications caused by erosion make the use of therapeutic agents necessary. This study aims to survey the effects of the eggshell, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and their combination on the remineralization of erosive lesions caused by lemonade.

Methods: The microhardness of 40 impacted third molar teeth was measured in this laboratory study. Then, the samples were subjected to an erosion challenge using a regular lemonade drink. After measuring microhardness, the samples were exposed to remineralizing materials: Er, Cr:YSG laser, eggshell, laser Er,Cr:YSGG, eggshell, and fluoride (positive control), and artificial saliva (negative control). Finally, data were analyzed via Kolmogorov-Smirnov, mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA), and LSD post hoc tests.

Results: The microhardness of permanent third molar teeth, which was reduced after using lemonade, increased significantly after laser application compared to fluoride and artificial saliva. No significant difference was observed between the five experimental groups while there were statistically significant differences between the three stages of the study. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the groups and stages (group * stage). The SMH of fluoride, artificial saliva, and laser+solution groups did not significantly change in the three stages of the study whilst the SMH of laser and solution groups significantly changed in the three stages. The SMH of the laser group had the most increasing trend (between erosive and treatment stages), followed by laser+solution and solution groups. However, the change in the laser+solution group was not statistically noticeable.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser alone can be effective in the remineralization of erosive lesions caused by lemonade 

Introduction: Verteporfin as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to inhibit deviant choroidal vascularization. This agent also has an anticancer property. The effective treatment of various tumors such as melanoma by using verteporfin is confirmed. In the present study, the ability of verteporfin in growth inhibition of MKN45 is investigated via protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis to explore its beneficial role in PDT.

Methods: The gene expression profiles of the treated MKN45 cell with verteporfin are mined from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and evaluated via PPI network analysis to find the central genes. The central genes are searched in the GeneCards database to find the more related genes to gastric cancer. The expression amounts of the top central genes related to stomach adenocarcinoma are extracted from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer data analysis Portal (UALCAN).

Results: Among 2356 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 58 hub-bottlenecks were determined via PPI network analysis. ERBB2, EGFR, CREBBP, CTSD, PSEN1, HRAS, PIK3R1, NRAS, NFKBIA, FOS, CTSB, CALR, NFE2L2, RHOA, CDKN1A, ITGB1, APP, CD44, HSPA5, and HMGCR were pointed out as the crucial genes. The expression amounts of ERBB2, EGFR, CREBBP, CTSD, and PSEN1 genes which were highlighted as critical genes via the directed PPI network were explored for stomach adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the anticancer property of verteporfin was highlighted. This finding
can improve the efficacy of related PDT.

In the article titled “ Photobiomodulation Therapy and Cell Therapy Improved Parkinson’s Diseases by Neuro-regeneration and Tremor Inhibition” published in J Lasers Med Sci 2022;13:e28 (doi: 10.34172/jlms.2022.28), there was an error in the Ethical approval section.

The ethics approval code was incorrectly reported as:

“ The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) has legal the procedures on this; take a look at (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1400.007).” The correct ethics approval code is:
IR.SBMU.REC.1400.007

The corrected sentence should read:

“ The Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) has legal the procedures on this; take a look at (IR.SBMU.REC.1400.007.”

This correction has now been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Introduction: The fusion of curcumin gel and laser technology offers a promising solution for periodontal pocket reduction. Harnessing the anti-inflammatory prowess of curcumin and the precision of laser, this approach enhances periodontal therapy efficacy, fostering improved oral health outcomes.

Methods: This split-mouth study was conducted on nine patients. After scaling and root planing (SRP), curcumin gel with a diode laser and a diode laser alone were used in the test and control groups, respectively. The plaque index (PI), modified sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded at baseline and three months.

Results: The results revealed that both the diode laser and curcumin gel reduced periodontal pocket depths, but a greater reduction was observed in the test group than in the control group.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that both control and experimental gel can be used as an adjunct to SRP, but curcumin gel was more effective when used with Diode laser therapy (970nm) in the treatment of periodontal pockets with a significant reduction in the scores of the indices when compared to the baseline values.

Introduction: Individuals diagnosed with Down syndrome (DS) often exhibit muscle hypotonia, particularly affecting the facial and oropharyngeal muscles involved in the mastication cycle. This condition impairs essential functions such as swallowing, speech, and chewing. Moreover, lingual hypotonia in individuals with DS can lead to problems such as snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, and bruxism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the activity of the masticatory muscles (masseter and temporalis) in individuals with DS and bruxism through electromyographic analyses before and after the application of red light-emitting diode (LED) clusters.

Methods: Ten participants, four to 17 years of age, with diagnoses of DS and bruxism were assessed at the Integrated Health Clinic of Nove de Julho University. The masticatory muscles of the participants were submitted to electromyography (EMG) before and after the application of red LED clusters. Each cluster contained six LEDs with a wavelength of 660 nm, an optical point of 5 ± 2 mm, a dose of 2.675 J/cm², and an optical output of 2-5 mW.

Results: The electromyographic analysis revealed changes in muscle activity after the application of the LED cluster. A reduction in asymmetry was found between the right and left masseter and temporalis muscles, and greater neuromuscular stability was found in the right masseter muscle. Although not statistically significant, these changes suggest immediate neuromodulatory effects.

Conclusion: Although no statistically significant differences were found, the electromyographic patterns suggested improved muscle symmetry and neuromuscular stability following a single application of the LED cluster. These findings indicate the need for further investigation into the short-term effects of photobiomodulation in this population.

Introduction: The high prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) and the side effects of drug treatments, highlight the importance of less invasive and less complicated methods. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of an 810 nm diode laser and transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) in the treatment of patients with TMD.
Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial in which 34 patients with TMD were included and randomly treated with 810 nm diode laser or TDCS. In the laser group, 9 sessions of laser therapy were performed during 3 weeks. In the TDCS group, treatment was accomplished in 5 sessions within 5 consecutive days after sample selection. Before the first and after the last treatment session in both groups, the outcomes including the TMJ spontaneous pain score, facial muscle tenderness, maximum range of pain-free opening of the mouth and presence of jaw sounds were evaluated. The patient’s satisfaction score was evaluated immediately after treatment, as well as one month later. The data were entered into SPSS statistical software version 17 and statistically analyzed by independent and paired t-tests. A significance level of less than 5% was considered.
Results: The average TMJ spontaneous pain score and muscle tenderness score in temporal, TMJ, and gonial regions decreased significantly in both groups (P < 0.001), also the mean maximum mouth opening increased significantly in both groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The average score of patient satisfaction with the treatment immediately and one month after the treatment in the laser group was significantly higher than that of TDCS.
Conclusion: 810 nm diode laser and TDCS were effective in reducing the symptoms of TMD patients. The level of satisfaction with the treatment in the laser group was significantly higher than that in the TDCS method.

Introduction: The high-power 2940 nm Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) laser increases the rough surface of lithium disilicate, increasing the bonding strength of ceramics when they are bonded to the tooth using resin matrix cement. This investigation aimed to compare the Er:YAG laser with the conventional surface treatment of lithium disilicate.

Methods: In this study, 50 lithium disilicate discs (5 mm diameter×2 mm thickness) were divided into five groups (n=10): Control group (CG) (10% hydrofluoric acid followed by 37% phosphoric acid), Group 1 (G1) (ER:YAG laser energy of 300 mJ/50 µs), Group 2 (G2) (Er:YAG laser energy of 400 mJ/50 µs), Group 3 (G3) (Er:YAG laser energy of 500 mJ/50 µs), and Group 4 (G4) (10% hydrofluoric acid, Er:YAG laser energy of 500 mJ/50 µs). After completing the surface treatments, 6 mm high Tygon was fixed and filled with self-adhesive dual resin cement (SET PP SDI Limited, Victoria, Australia). The samples were stored for 24 hours and subjected to shear tests until structural failure.

Results: ANOVA analysis found no statistically significant difference between the groups analyzed (P=0.0689). G2 had the highest bond strength with 12.6±3.2 MPa, while G1 had the lowest with 9.5±2.2 MPa, followed by the CG 9.8±3.2. It was observed that with higher laser irradiation power, the adhesive strength decreased, as evidenced in G3 with 11.6±1.9 MPa.

Conclusion: The radiation power of 400 mJ, frequency of 20 Hz, and pulse duration of 50 µs improved the bond strength between lithium disilicate and dual resin cement. However, the group that obtained the lowest strength was Group 3, with a laser energy of 500 mJ/50 µs, generating highly expulsive zones in lithium disilicate.

Introduction: Fibroblasts, the primary cells of connective tissue, play a crucial role in the healing process of tissues and organs. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous galliumaluminum-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) laser at a wavelength of 830 nm and output powers of 10 mW and 27 mW on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and fibroblast cell proliferation in culture. Methods: Human fibroblast cells were cultured in a 96-well plate and exposed to continuous radiation from a Ga-Al-As laser at 830 nm, utilizing two different output powers of 10 and 27 mW and various energy densities. After 24 hours of laser exposure, fibroblast cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT assay. ROS production was measured with a microplate reader, and ATP levels were quantified.
Results: The most significant increase in cell proliferation was observed in the 10 mW group at an energy density of 3.78 J/cm² (0.79±0.07) compared to the control group (0.51±0.05). In contrast, the 27 mW group at 10 J/cm² exhibited lower cell proliferation (0.51±0.05) during 90 s. ATP production significantly increased in the 10 mW group at 3.78 J/cm² (15,404±819), compared to the control group (115±51). Additionally, the groups had no significant difference in ROS levels.
Conclusion: The results suggest that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) using a Ga-Al-As laser at 830 nm with an output power of 10 mW for 3.78 J/cm2 significantly affected fibroblast cell proliferation and ATP synthesis.

Introduction: In periodontal therapy, the adhesion of fibroblasts and their attachment to cementum present a significant challenge. This study aims to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using various protocols on the adhesion and cell count of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to root fragments using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Methods: Root fragments were divided into four groups and subjected to different treatments: a control group receiving scaling and root planing (SRP), SRP combined with PDT using a 630 nm light-emitting diode (LED) and toluidine blue O (TBO), SRP combined with PDT using a 660 nm diode laser and methylene blue (MB), and SRP combined with PDT using an 810 nm laser and indocyanine green (ICG) as the photosensitizer (PS). Then, HGFs were cultured on the tooth fragments and evaluated using SEM after 72 hours of incubation. The adhesion of fibroblasts was assessed by counting the number of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, while their cell count was determined by counting the total number of cells. Adhesion was analyzed using the KruskalWallis test, and the cell count was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.

Results: PDT utilizing all three protocols significantly enhanced the adhesion of fibroblasts compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in adhesion between the PDT groups (P>0.05). Additionally, PDT with a 630 nm LED significantly promoted the cell count of fibroblasts compared to the control group (P=0.05).

Conclusion: PDT utilizing three distinct protocols has been demonstrated to enhance the attachment of fibroblasts. Specifically, PDT employing a 630 nm LED has been found to significantly promote the cell count of fibroblasts under SEM.

Introduction: The use of lasers in dentistry has evolved significantly, becoming integral to various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The present study aims to conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of scientific production on the application of lasers in dentistry.

Methods: This is a scientometric study evaluating scientific documents indexed in the Web of Science database in the field of laser applications in dentistry up to the end of 2023, using quantitative and qualitative indicators. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and VOSviewer software.

Results: The graphs for article and citation growth showed a steady and steeper upward trend over the past ten years, respectively. The countries with the highest production, ranked first to third, were Brazil, the USA, and China, with the top two institutions also located in Brazil. The most prominent journals publishing studies on laser applications in dentistry, in order, were Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Clinical Oral Investigations, and BMC Oral Health. Aoki was the most-cited author, with 230 citations in a Q1 journal from Japan, though ranked sixth in terms of production. The highest levels of scientific collaboration were observed in the USA, followed by Brazil and China. In terms of thematic keyword analysis, six clusters were identified: low-power laser and photodynamic therapy in dentistry, antibacterial properties of laser in dentistry, laser applications in implant treatment, laser use in restorative treatments, laser applications for dental caries prevention, and laser use for pulp vitality assessment.

Conclusion: Researchers should stay regularly informed of ranking results to make more accurate decisions in research and clinical practices. Therefore, given these findings and the importance and saturation of various topics and their applications in dental practices, there is a need for institutions and researchers to reassess research priorities.

Introduction: The wound healing process is a complex cascade of events crucial for tissue repair, involving cellular and molecular mechanisms. Disruptions can lead to chronic wounds. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) utilizing red and near-infrared light has emerged as a promising modality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PBMT with 650 and 810 nm lasers, alone and in combination, on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), focusing on cell viability, migration, cytokine production, and expression of genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, VEGF, Fibronectin, Collagen I, MMP1, and MMP8).

Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were irradiated with 650 and/or 810 nm lasers at varying doses. MTT assay, scratch assay, cytokine profiling (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α), and real-time PCR were performed.

Results: PBMT significantly enhanced cell viability and migration, with combined 650 and 810 nm showing the most pronounced effects. Cytokine profiling and gene expression revealed wavelength-specific responses: upregulation of VEGF, Fibronectin, and Collagen I, and differential modulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MMP1, and MMP8.

Conclusion: PBMT exerts wavelength-dependent effects on fibroblast activity, with synergistic benefits observed under combined irradiation. These findings highlight PBMT’s potential for wound healing and regenerative medicine.

Introduction: Sometimes, dentinal tubules are exposed to the oral cavity during the preparation of vital teeth for crowns, and patients show various signs of tooth hypersensitivity. Some treatments have been suggested for dental hypersensitivity after tooth preparation, such as low-level diode laser (980 nm) and GLUMA desensitizer. The pretreatment of dentin with desensitizers may affect retention. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of the 980nm Diode laser and GLUMA Desensitizer on the retention of the metal frames cemented by self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200).
Methods: Thirty intact permanent maxillary first premolars were used in this study. After preparing teeth with 0.5 to 0.7 finishing line above CEJ, casting full metal crowns with a 5-diameter ring on the occlusal surface was done. Then the samples were divided into 3 groups: (1) Control Group (n=10), (2) 980 nm diode laser (n=10), and (3) GLUMA desensitizer (n=10). Frames were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and the bond strength was measured by a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests in SPSS version 25 (P<0.05).
Results: Frame retention in the 980 nm diode laser group (40.90±27.07N) was significantly lower than the control group (138.17±40.81 N) and the GLUMA desensitizer group (318.59±56.31N) (P<0.05), and frame retention in the GLUMA Desensitizer group was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The GLUMA desensitizer has a positive effect and the 980 nm diode laser has a negative effect on the retention of frames cemented by self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200).

Introduction: Dental caries remains a prevalent oral health issue worldwide, with Lactobacillus acidophilus playing a significant role in its progression. While traditional antimicrobial agents like chlorhexidine are effective, the increasing concern of antimicrobial resistance has spurred interest in alternative approaches. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, a form of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), has shown promise in various biomedical applications, including dentistry. This in vitro study aims to determine the effect of DBD plasma radiation on the amount of L. acidophilus bacteria.

Methods: Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 43121) cultures were subjected to DBD plasma reatment for 30, 90, 120, and 150 seconds. A positive control group was treated with 2% chlorhexidine, and a negative control received no treatment. Bacterial viability was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test were used for statistical analysis. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results: The 30-second DBD plasma treatment significantly reduced L. acidophilus populations compared to the negative control (32.9% reduction, P<0.001). However, longer exposure times (90, 120, and 150 seconds) showed diminished antibacterial effects. The 2% chlorhexidine treatment demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy (54.8% reduction, P<0.001 compared to all other groups).

Conclusion: It seems that short-duration DBD plasma treatment (30 seconds) effectively reduced L. acidophilus populations, although not as efficiently as chlorhexidine. Interestingly, prolonged plasma exposure did not enhance antibacterial effects, suggesting a potential adaptive response of bacteria to extended plasma treatment. These findings highlight the promise of DBD plasma as a novel approach to dental caries prevention while emphasizing the need for optimized treatment parameters.

In the article titled “Therapeutic Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis by Regulating the Inflammatory Process and Controlling Immune Cell Activity: A Novel Promising Treatment Target” published in J Lasers Med Sci 2022;13:e32 (doi: 10.34172/jlms.2022.32), there was an error in the Ethical approval section.

The ethics approval code was incorrectly reported as: “All protocols were confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH. REC.1400.009).”

The correct ethics approval code is:

IR.SBMU.REC.1400.009

The corrected sentence should read: “All protocols were confirmed by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.REC.1400.009 ).”

This correction has now been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Introduction: Given the unique biostimulatory effects of low-level lasers, particularly on collagen production and fibroblast activity, this study aimed to measure the changes in MMP-1 levels in response to low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. The increase in MMP-1 may signal beneficial tissue adaptation to orthodontic force.

Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial included 22 individuals referred to the orthodontic department of Yazd Faculty of Dentistry who required fixed orthodontic treatment. The left and right mandibular anterior teeth of patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the intervention and control sides. A low-level diode laser (980 nm, 100 mW output power) was applied to two teeth in the intervention group for two consecutive days. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from both sides at 24 hours (T1) and 164 hours (T2) post-irradiation. MMP-1 levels were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with independent and paired t-tests, with a significance level set at 0.05.

Results: At T1, the mean MMP-1 level in the intervention group was 6.77±0.54 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than the control group’s level of 6.15±0.40 ng/mL (P<0.001). At T2, the mean MMP-1 level in the intervention group (6.20±0.62 ng/mL) was not significantly different from that in the control group (6.21±0.55 ng/mL) (P=0.960). The average MMP-1 level in the control group did not differ significantly between T1 and T2 (P=0.546). However, the mean MMP-1 level in the intervention group at T1 was significantly higher than at T2 (P<0.001).

Conclusion: MMP-1 levels in GCF increase temporarily after low-level laser irradiation with orthodontic force, indicating a potentially beneficial effect on tissue remodeling. Levels return to baseline by 164 hours, suggesting a controlled, short-term response.

Introduction: Dentin Hypersensivity is a dental short _lasting sharp pain originating from exposed dentin. This study investigated the level of dentinal tubule occlusion using a diode laser, the desensitizing agent Shield Force Plus, and the combined application of both treatments.

Methods: Forty-five human premolar teeth, extracted due to orthodontic treatment plans or periodontal issues and confirmed to be free of caries, were collected for this study. The samples were sectioned to expose the outer third of the coronal dentin, and a rectangular area measuring 8 by 3 mm was delineated on each sample. The teeth were then allocated to five groups (n=9 per group): a negative control group (smear layer), a positive control group (smear layer removed), a group treated with the diode laser, a group treated with Shield Force Plus, and a group that received both the diode laser (wavelength 980 nm) and Shield Force Plus treatment. Imaging of the specimens was conducted using scanning electron microscopy at a 2000x magnification.

Result: The group with the highest mean percentage of open dentinal tubules was the positive control group, which had an average of 10.52%. In contrast, the diode laser combined with the Shield Force Plus group exhibited the lowest average at 0.22%. The comparison revealed a significant difference between the laser group and the positive control group (P<0.001), as well as between the Shield Force Plus group and the positive control (P<0.001). No significant differences were found in dentinal tubule occlusion when comparing the effects of the diode laser, Shield Force Plus, and their combination (P>0.05).

Conclusion: All three methods—diode laser application, Shield Force Plus, and their simultaneous use—effectively occluded dentinal tubules; however, none demonstrated superiority.

In the article titled “The Combined Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Media and Low-Level Laser on Stereological and Biomechanical Parameter in Hypothyroidism Rat Model,”
published in J Lasers Med Sci 2018 Autumn;9(4):243-248 (doi: 10.15171/jlms.2018.44), there was an error in the Ethical approval section.
The ethics approval code was incorrectly reported as:
“The study was approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Ethics No. IR.SBMU.SM.REC.1394.31).”
The correct ethics approval code is:
IR.SBMU.REC.1397.043
The corrected sentence should read:
“The study was approved by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Ethics No. IR.SBMU.REC.1397.043).”
This correction has now been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Introduction: Light-based therapies have emerged as promising, noninvasive approaches in dermatology and regenerative medicine. Different wavelengths within the visible and nearinfrared spectrum produce distinct biological effects on skin tissue, influencing pigmentation, inflammation, wound healing, collagen synthesis, and aging.

Objective: This review aims to summarize current evidence on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying skin-specific responses to various wavelengths within the visible and near-infrared spectrum, including violet, blue, green, yellow, red, and near-infrared light.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, including data from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies addressing wavelength-specific biological responses, therapeutic potential, and safety profiles.

Results: Findings suggest that violet light and blue light display antimicrobial and anti-keloid activity but may also induce oxidative stress. Green light and yellow light mainly support wound healing, angiogenesis, and collagen preservation. Red light and near-infrared light are well established for photobiomodulation, skin rejuvenation, and wound repair, though optimal dosing and long-term safety require further study. Safety concerns such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and pigmentation, especially in darker skin phototypes, are highlighted

Conclusion: Light-based therapies hold significant promise for dermatological and aesthetic applications. Nonetheless, standardized treatment protocols and randomized clinical trials are essential to determine optimal wavelength parameters, dosing strategies, and long-term safety.

Introduction: Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury is among the most common complications associated with orthognathic surgery. Managing these injuries poses significant challenges due to the lack of a standardized treatment protocol. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the efficacy of blood products and photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for
neurosensory recovery in patients with IAN injuries after orthognathic surgery.
Methods: This systematic review involved a comprehensive search of Scopus, Embase, and PubMed databases, as well as the initial 100 search results from Google Scholar, to identify relevant articles published between 2015 and 2024. The articles were selected using defined eligibility criteria.
Results: The research paper reviewed 170 articles, ultimately including 14 studies that focused on IAN injury related to surgical procedures such as genioplasty, sagittal split mandibular ramus osteotomy (SSRO), and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Among these studies, five assessed the effectiveness of various blood products—specifically platelet-rich fibrin (PRF),
leukocyte-rich PRF (L-PRF), advanced PRF (A-PRF), and concentrated growth factor (CGF)—all of which were found to alleviate hypoesthesia. Nine studies evaluated the efficacy of PBM, primarily utilizing wavelengths of 810 and 808 nm over 5 to 10 sessions. PBM also successfully enhanced the recovery of IAN. Moreover, one article highlighted the synergistic effect of using L-PRF in conjunction with PBM.
Conclusion: It appears that neurosensory recovery following IAN injury due to orthognathic surgery may be enhanced by blood-derived products such as PRF, CGF, A-PRF, and L-PRF, which release growth factors that facilitate tissue repair. Additionally, PBM further supports recovery by reducing inflammation in the initial weeks and stimulating cellular metabolism to promote regeneration in the subsequent weeks.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for various nervous system disorders. Its biological ffects on neural tissue are primarily mediated by the absorption of light by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), leading to increased ATP synthesis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These upstream processes consequently activate kinases and release second messengers, ultimately influencing the structure and function of the nervous system. This narrative review aims to summarize the current understanding of the effects of PBM on nervous system disorders by assembling findings from both preclinical and clinical studies.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline databases using keywords such as “low-level laser therapy,” “photobiomodulation,” and “nervous system diseases” to identify relevant studies.

Results: The review compiles findings on the application of PBM in a range of central and peripheral nervous system disorders, highlighting the diverse ways in which PBM has been explored for neural tissue stimulation and modulation.

Conclusion: The evidence we have compiled indicates that PBM is a non-invasive treatment option for nervous system disorders, showing its potential to bring about positive biological changes. Further research is required to optimize PBM protocols and clarify its long-term efficacy and safety in various neurological conditions.

Introduction: Candida biofilm on resin base dentures is a common problem among denture wearers, leading to denture stomatitis and associated complications. Cold plasma treatment has been proposed as a novel and promising approach to eradicate Candida biofilm. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cold plasma treatment for Candida biofilm on resin base dentures.

Methods: This systematic review study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The main objective was to investigate whether cold plasma treatment could reduce the number of Candida cells in dentures compared to other disinfection methods or controls. In September 2024, an electronic search was performed without any limitation on the publication start date in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases. English in vitro studies, focusing on acrylic denture bases using cold plasma treatment as the intervention, were included. The selected articles were assessed using the QUIN risk-of-bias tool for in vitro studies conducted in dentistry.

Results: Initially, 259 papers were identified, and 164 remained after removing duplicates. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 21 papers remained. Ten articles were not related to dentures, and 11 studies were included. All of these articles demonstrated a medium risk of bias and were case-control in vitro studies. The evidence currently available suggests that cold plasma exhibits antimicrobial efficacy against denture candidiasis; however, its application is not without limitations.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of in vitro studies, cold plasma shows promise as an effective tool for disinfecting dentures. Notably, significant reductions in the Candida cell count can be achieved within a reasonable treatment duration, although the existing data present variable results. 

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is among the most severe medical conditions, with profound impacts on global healthcare systems. SCI results in temporary or permanent loss of spinal cord function and is associated with high incidence rates, substantial economic burden, significant disability, and a low average age of onset. Astrogliosis and neuroinflammation play central roles in secondary injury and limit functional recovery. This systematic review examines pathophysiology, mechanisms of recovery, and emerging clinical treatment strategies for SCI.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies on SCI classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches, with a particular focus on Exosome and low level Laser therapy. The search included articles published up to September 2024, and key data were extracted for analysis.

Results: A total of 141 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pathogenesis of SCI involves an initial mechanical injury followed by a secondary cascade of molecular and cellular events that exacerbate tissue damage. Current treatment options primarily provide supportive care for patients with lifelong disabilities. Pharmacological interventions focus on neuroprotection, employing medications and therapeutic agents tailored to modulate degenerative processes. Non-pharmacological approaches, including growth factors, Low level laser therapy, cultured cells, and vitamins, offer additional therapeutic benefits. Laser therapy integration into SCI treatment is increasingly studied due to its anti‑inflammatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic effects. Exosome therapies have shown significant neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential by addressing multiple pathological mechanisms in SCI.

Conclusion: A promising future direction lies in combining conventional pharmacological and surgical strategies with emerging therapies, particularly exosome therapy and LLLT, offers a promising approach to mitigate secondary injury, modulate astrogliosis, and enhance recovery in SCI patients. Comprehensive therapeutic strategies integrating pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches with cutting-edge cell therapies hold significant promise for improving outcomes in SCI treatment.

Introduction: This review examines the question, “Can artificial intelligence enhance the antimicrobial effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT)?” We discuss current knowledge and uncertainties surrounding this topic, address the limitations of existing approaches—such as the complexities of predicting reactive oxygen species generation and the necessity for large datasets for AI training—and propose future strategies that integrate AI with PDT.

Methods: In the present literature review, the authors used keywords such as Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, Photosensitizers, and Artificial intelligence, and conducted a literature search via Google Scholar and PubMed from January 2000 to November 2024.

Results: The reviewed literature indicates that AI has been used to enhance antimicrobial therapy by identifying optimal photosensitizers, predicting treatment outcomes, and enabling real-time monitoring. In antimicrobial PDT (aPDT), AI facilitates personalized therapy by selecting appropriate agents and light parameters based on microbial profiles, although clinical implementation remains limited.

Conclusion: While the combination of AI and PDT is theoretically possible, it has not yet been implemented. Consequently, this article may serve as a foundation for future research on personalizing laser-based treatments through AI.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in men and remains a major global health concern. Traditional treatment modalities such as radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation therapy, while effective, often result in significant morbidity, including urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted to synthesize current evidence on focal laser therapy for prostate cancer. A comprehensive literature search was performed across three major databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy employed the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords: (“Prostatic Neoplasms” [MeSH] OR “prostate cancer”) AND (“Laser Therapy” [MeSH] OR “laser ablation” OR “focal therapy”). The search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2024.

Results: The initial search retrieved 1,444 articles. After a rigorous screening of titles, abstracts, and full-texts, 79 studies met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the review. The selected literature enables a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the current state of research on focal laser therapy in the management of prostate cancer.

Conclusion: While focal laser therapies offer promising outcomes with fewer side effects, their long-term efficacy and survival benefits remain uncertain. High-quality studies with long-term follow-up are essential to better define their role in the prostate cancer treatment landscape and inform optimal patient selection 

Introduction: Sunlight is essential for all living beings. While certain effects of sunlight are well-established, others require further investigation. Sunlight is composed of electromagnetic spectrum radiation, which can be grouped into three main types: visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR). UV radiation is split into three subtypes: UVA, UVB, and UVC, each of which owns unique properties and varying effects on the skin.

Methods: In this review, the main databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were investigated for studies examining the biological effects of sunlight on the skin by using suitable keywords and specific strategies from 2007 to 2024. All the studies that were not about sunlight and skin were excluded.

Results: The influence of sunlight, particularly UV radiation can lead to a range of biological effects that may be both advantageous and detrimental. Sunlight is closely linked with common skin issues such as sunburn, skin aging, and skin cancer; therefore, the primary objective of this review is to examine the various benefits and drawbacks of sunlight exposure on human skin. The negative impact of solar radiation on the skin is especially evident with prolonged exposure, where UV radiation poses serious health risks, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma, which are the three most common types of skin cancer.

Conclusion: cancers mainly occur due to DNA damage induced by UV, especially UVB radiation. Furthermore, chronic exposure to UV radiation causes photoaging, which is characterized by the early onset of wrinkles, reduced elasticity, and alterations in skin pigmentation, all of which underscore the enduring effects of sunlight on the skin’s texture.

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition characterized by primary mechanical damage followed by secondary injury processes, including inflammation and gliosis. These complex pathophysiological responses significantly hinder neuronal recovery and functional restoration. Emerging therapies, such as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), offer promising avenues for mitigating these secondary effects and promoting repair. This review aims to explore the pathophysiology of SCI, with a focus on inflammation and gliosis, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of LLLT in improving outcomes after SCI.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases to identify studies published from 2000 to 2024. Keywords included “spinal cord injury,” “inflammation,” “gliosis,” and “lowlevel laser therapy.” Articles were screened based on relevance, and data were extracted and synthesized to provide insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic applications.

Results: Inflammation following SCI involves a cascade of cellular and molecular events that contribute to secondary damage. Gliosis, predominantly driven by astrocytes and microglia, forms a glial scar that impedes axonal regeneration. While these processes are initially protective, their prolonged activation exacerbates neural damage. LLLT has shown the potential to modulate these responses by reducing oxidative stress, promoting anti-inflammatory pathways, and enhancing neuroprotection. Preclinical studies demonstrate that LLLT improves functional recovery, reduces gliosis, and supports axonal regeneration, although standardized protocols and clinical validation remain challenges.

Conclusion: The interplay between inflammation and gliosis significantly influences the outcomes of SCI. LLLT emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy by targeting these processes and promoting regeneration. Further research is needed to standardize LLLT protocols and validate its efficacy in clinical settings, paving the way for improved management of SCI 

Introduction: Chronic orthopedic pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide, compromising physical function, independence, and quality of life. While pharmacological treatments are widely used, their prolonged use is often limited by side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Among non-pharmacological approaches, photobiomodulation—particularly low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT)—has emerged as a promising strategy due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. However, evidence regarding its clinical efficacy remains heterogeneous and fragmented.

Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and based on the PICO framework. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese over the past five years, involving adults (≥18 years) with orthopedic pain treated with LLLT or HILT. Outcomes of interest included pain intensity, physical function, and quality of life. Exclusion criteria included non-randomized trials, pediatric populations, and studies that did not isolate the effects of laser therapy.

Results: From 59,873 records initially retrieved, eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The studies addressed diverse musculoskeletal conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, chronic low back pain, patellofemoral pain syndrome, plantar fasciitis, subacromial impingement, and lateral epicondylalgia. Both LLLT and HILT demonstrated efficacy in reducing pain and enhancing physical function. In several studies, HILT was associated with faster symptomatic improvement. Nevertheless, considerable heterogeneity in laser parameters, treatment protocols, and outcome measures hindered direct comparison and meta-analysis.

Conclusion: The current evidence supports the use of both LLLT and HILT as safe and effective adjuncts in the management of orthopedic pain. Future trials should adopt standardized protocols and long-term follow-up to better define clinical guidelines and optimize treatment outcomes.

Introduction: Skin aging involves a complex series of biological processes, resultingin alterations that can impact the aesthetics and well-being of patients. There has been a notable rise in the demand for safe, efficient, and effective treatments for skin aging in recent years; among them, laser-based treatments have gained rapid global popularity. Thus, the current study aimed to present two clinical cases in which a very conservative approach using a combination of laser devices was adopted to simultaneously correct certain facial aesthetic issues.

Methods: Two patients sought aesthetic treatment for facial sagging, especially regarding the loss of mandibular contour due to fat accumulation in the submental region, in addition to dark spots and dark circles. The treatment proposed was performed using a combination of fractional 1927 nm thulium laser and subdermal 1470 nm diode laser in a single session.

Results: Within 30 days, both patients noticed an improvement in the aesthetics of their faces, and after 90 days, there was a significant perception of reduced submental fat, facial lifting, and a reduction in facial pigmentation.

Conclusion: Combining different laser wavelengths appears to be an effective, simple, and conservative option for simultaneously managing certain facial aesthetic concerns.

Introduction: Endodontic periapical (PA) lesions are common sequelae of pulpal infections and often require root canal therapy (RCT) for resolution. Large lesions near vital anatomical structures are more important. A minimally invasive approach involving both diode laserassisted disinfection and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) might be more suitable as both are less invasive while suppressing deep infection and promoting tissue healing.

Case Report: A 58-year-old female patient presented with a mandibular radicular cyst that extended from teeth #25 to #28 with a complicated buccal cortical perforation and proximity to the mental foramen. Treatment consisted of multi-visit root canal therapy with diode laser disinfection in the canals (980 nm, 200-µm fiber, 1 W, 1 second. for every 2 mm canal length, 4 passes) and PBMT (0.5 W, 30 seconds per point, 6 points; 7 sessions over 4 weeks) for the canals.

Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a large PA lesion was resolved through a distinctive diode‑laser and PBMT, achieving significant healing in 10 months.

Introduction: Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion prone to significant bleeding when manipulated. High-power lasers provide key advantages, including precise incision, vaporization, and hemostasis, when managing such lesions, enhancing both intraoperative efficiency and postoperative recovery.

Methods: This report describes the diagnosis and surgical excision of a large PG on the lower lip of an anemic patient using a high-power diode laser.

Results: A 30-year-old female patient presented with a nodular, erythematous, pedunculated lesion with firm consistency and an ulcerated surface, measuring approximately 2 cm. Initial evaluation revealed severe anemia (hemoglobin level of 6 g/dL) caused by a uterine fibroid. After partial improvement of the anemia, an excisional biopsy of the lesion was performed using a high-power diode laser, which provided effective hemostasis during surgery and no postoperative complications. Histopathological examination of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of PG.

Conclusion: This case highlights the efficacy and safety of high-power diode lasers in managing oral lesions, especially in the management of systemic conditions such as anemia. The laser’s ability to ensure precise excision and effective hemostasis demonstrates its potential as an indispensable tool in modern minimally invasive surgical approaches, particularly in aesthetic and medically complex cases.

Introduction: Osteonecrosis causes the death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood flow, which bdisrupts the supply of oxygen and nutrients, compromising the structural integrity of the bone. The jaws are particularly vulnerable due to their high bone turnover and vascularization. This study aimed to present the complex case of a patient diagnosed with maxillary osteonecrosis associated with osteomyelitis, treated exclusively with laser therapy.

Case Report: We present the case of a 62-year-old male patient with maxillary osteonecrosis associated with osteomyelitis, manifested by an oroantral fistula located in the upper jaw. The treatment consisted of various laser therapy modalities, starting with the surgical phase on hard tissue for the excision of the necrotic bone (Er,Cr:YSGG 2780 nm laser), followed by photodynamic therapy (650 nm diode laser) for wound disinfection and intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy (880 nm diode laser) in each session.

Conclusion: The combination of different laser wavelengths was effective for the treatment of osteonecrosis.

Introduction: Kindler syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by skin fragility, acral blister formation, diffuse cutaneous atrophy, photosensitivity, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, pseudosyndactyly, and alopecia. Oral manifestations include limited mouth opening, which adversely affects oral hygiene, chewing, and swallowing, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals.
Methods: A 26-year-old male with KS was referred for the management of reduced mouth opening, presenting with an interincisal distance of 19 mm. This was a critical concern for facilitating prosthetic rehabilitation. The patient underwent Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy as a non-invasive treatment modality aimed at improving trismus.
Results: Following PBM therapy, the patient’s mouth opening improved significantly from 19 mm to 23 mm. This enhancement allowed for the initiation of prosthetic rehabilitation.
Conclusion: PBM therapy is a promising treatment for managing trismus in KS by breaking down abnormal collagen deposits and reducing collagen synthesis, effectively addressing the underlying pathology. It offers significant improvements in mouth opening, which can enhance oral hygiene, nutritional intake, and overall quality of life. This non-invasive approach provides a viable option for patients with KS who require prosthetic rehabilitation.

Introduction: Total bacterial disinfection in root canal therapy is challenging due to residual infected dentin, which may harbor bacteria. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) enhances antibacterial efficacy and supplements conventional endodontic treatment.

Case Presentation: This case report describes the healing of a large periapical lesion in a 22-year-old male patient with pulp necrosis and a secondary acute apical abscess in the mandibular left incisors. The patient underwent cleaning and shaping of the root canal system, but did not return for obturation. After chemo-mechanical reparation and calcium hydroxide dressing, the patient received PDT using 0.1 mg/mL Toluidine Blue (FotoSan®; CMS Dental, Denmark) and an LED lamp (630 nm, 3 W/cm²). Despite the absence of root canal obturation and delayed treatment, radiographic examination at the 1-year follow-up showed complete healing of the periapical lesion with no symptoms.

Conclusion: This unexpected outcome suggests that PDT may improve disinfection and lead to successful treatment even without conventional root canal obturation. PDT, when combined with conventional root canal therapy, may enhance treatment outcomes

Introduction: Laser pointers are commonly used in various settings, including presentations, lectures, entertainment events, and toy applications. Although they have become increasingly popular, the misuse or accidental exposure to high-powered laser pointers can cause serious ocular injuries, including retinal damage.

Methods: In this case series, we present many cases of retinal damage caused by laser pointers in patients who visited our clinic over the past year (from January 2024 to January 2025).

Results: We discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, management, and outcomes of 32 patients with laser-induced retinal damage. Our findings highlight variable recovery patterns depending on injury severity, ranging from spontaneous resolution in some patients to complications requiring intervention in others.

Conclusion: This study explored the potential visual damage caused by laser pointers and provided recommendations for safe usage.

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) presents with a burning sensation which may be severe enough to affect the daily activity of the patient. A standard therapy regimen includes the use of topical/systemic corticosteroids. However, many cases show the relapse/recurrence of the lesion and its symptoms frequently after the discontinuation of treatment. Some patients may also develop resistance to corticosteroids or may suffer from the side effects of corticosteroids. Its use is again limited in diabetic patients who are more prone to OLP.

Methods: We report six OLP cases (Three were diagnosed as recalcitrant erosive lichen planus) presenting with a complaint of oral burning condition which severely affected their quality of life.

Results: Following photobiomodulation (PBM), all cases had complete remission of burning sensation and healing of ulceration and have shown no recurrences in the past 6 months, making PBM an ideal choice for the management of oral burning conditions.

Conclusion: PBM is a promising non-invasive treatment modality, which has instantaneous effects on reducing burning sensation in all forms of OLP, even in recalcitrant cases, without any side effects. It does have proven analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects.