مجله انجمن آنستزیولوژی و مراقبت‌های ویژه ایران

Ronald D. Miller, Lars I. Eriksson, Lee A. Fleisher, Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish and William L. Young, Miller's Anesthesia, 8th Edition (2015),part20, p 1586.

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Myung–Chun Kim, Keon-Sik Kim, Young-KyooChol, et al. An estimation of right and left-sided central venous catheter insertion depth using measurement of surface landmarks along the course of central veins. Anesth Analg 2011;112:137 1-4.

Collier PE, Blocker SH, Graff DM, et al. Cardiac tamponade from central venous catheters. Am J Surg 1998; 176: 212 – 214.

Mahlon MA, Yoon HC. CT angiography of the superior vena cava: normative values andimplications for central venous catheter position. J VascIntervRadiol 2007; 18: 1106 – 1110.

Dailey RH: Late vascular perforations by CVP catheter tips. J Emerg Med 1988; 6: 137 – 140.

JB Lee and YM Lee. Pre-measured Length Using Landmarks on Posteroanterior Chest Radiographs for Placement of the Tip of a Central Venous Catheter in the Superior Vena Cava, J International Medical Research 2010; 38: 134 – 141

Calabria M, Zamboli P, D'Amelio A, et al. Use of ECG-EC in the positioning of central venous catheters. G Ital Nefrol. 2012 Jan-Feb;29(1):49-57.

The calculations are the customary ones based on normal distributions. See for example Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Inference - Estimation of Sample Size and Power for Comparing Two Means in Bernard Rosner's Fundamentals of Biostatistics.

McGee WT, Ackerman BL, Rouben LR, et al: Accurate placement of central venous catheters: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1118 – 1123.

Tiberiu Ezri,Marian Weisenberg, Daniel I. Sessler, Haim Berkenstadt, Sorin Elias, Peter Szmuk, Francis Serour, and Shmuel Evron, Correct Depth of Insertion of Right Internal Jugular Central Venous Catheters Based on External Landmarks: Avoiding the Right Atrium, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: August 2007; 21,4,497-501

William T.McGee ,Patric T.Mailloux ,Richard T.Martin. Safe placement of central venous catheters. Journal of intensive care medicine ,november/december 2011, 26.6 392-396.