Comparison of Essential Oil Yield, Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf: Conventional Distillation versus Emerging Superheated Steam Distillation
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 19 No. 2 (2023),
1 Farvardin 2023
,
Page 139- 155
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v19i2.43808
Abstract
Eucalyptus essential oil (EO) has significance economically since it is used in the medicinal and fragrance industries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the differences in yield, composition, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial effectiveness of the EO extracted from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. To achieve this, three distinct extraction techniques, namely steam distillation (SD), hydro distillation (HD), and superheated steam distillation (SHSD), were utilized to isolate the EO. The study aimed to analyze and compare these parameters among the three extraction methods. Based on the findings from the experiments, it has been found that using SHSD resulted in a higher EO yield than conventional techniques, and this SHSD produced a greater amount of EO in a shorter time. The EOs extracted using all three techniques have 1,8 cineole as the main constituent, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis results. All of the EOs demonstrated significant antioxidant capacities when tested in vitro using a variety of antioxidant assays. The EOs extracted through HD showed greater antibacterial activity among the other extraction processes, as evaluated by agar well diffusion and resazurin microtitre-plate assays. In conclusion, SHSD is more efficient for extracting EOs and antioxidant activity than traditional HD and SD.
- Superheated steam distillation
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis
- Essential oil
- 1, 8 cineole
- Antioxidant activity
- Antibacterial activity
- Hydro distillation
- Steam distillation
How to Cite
References
Labate C, Assis T, Oda S, Mello E, González E, Zauza E, Mori E, Moraes M, Cid L, Alfenas A, Foelkel C, Moon D, Carvalho M, Caldas D, Carneiro R, De Andrade A, and Salvatierra G, Eucalyptus, In Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants: (2009).
Singab AN, Ayoub N, Al-Sayed E, Martiskainen O, Sinkkonen J, and Pihlaja K. Phenolic constituents of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, with potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Rec. Nat. Prod. (2011) 5 (4): 271-280.
Sabo VA and Knezevic P. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. plant extracts and essential oils: A review. Ind Crops Prod. (2019) 132: 413-429.
Sani I, Abdulhamid A, and Bello F. Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Phytochemical composition of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, stem-bark, root, fruits and seeds. J. sci. innov. res. (2014) 3 (5): 523-526.
Raut JS and Karuppayil SM. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind Crops Prod. (2014) 62: 250-264.
Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, and Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. (2008) 46 (2): 446-475.
Seetaramaiah K, Smith AA, Murali R, and Manavalan R. Preservatives in food products-review. Int. j. pharm. biol. (2011) 2 (2): 583-599.
Oladapo A and Abiodun O. The inhibitory effect of different chemical food preservatives on the growth of selected food borne pathogenic bacteria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. (2014) 8 (14): 1510-1515.
Laranjo M, Fernandez-Leon AM, Potes M, Agulheiro-Santos A, and Elias M, Use of essential oils in food preservation. A. Méndez-Vilas, Ed ed. Antimicrobial Research: Novel bioknowledge and educational programs, Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, Spain.: (2017).
Myszka K, Leja K, and Majcher M. A current opinion on the antimicrobial importance of popular pepper essential oil and its application in food industry. J. Essent. Oil Res. (2019) 31 (1): 1-18.
Ribeiro-Santos R, Andrade M, de Melo NR, and Sanches-Silva A. Use of essential oils in active food packaging: Recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. (2017) 61: 132-140.
Hamedo HA and Abdelmigid HM. Use of antimicrobial and genotoxicity potentiality for evaluation of essential oils as food preservatives. Open Biotechnol. J. (2009) 3 (1).
Bagchi K and Puri S. Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease: A review. East. Mediterr. Health J. (1998) 4 (2): 350-360.
Bhalla Y, Gupta VK, and Jaitak V. Anticancer activity of essential oils: a review. J. Sci. Food Agric. (2013) 93 (15): 3643-3653.
Ashraf A, Sarfraz RA, Mahmood A, and ud Din M. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. leaves. Ind. Crops Prod. (2015) 74: 241-248.
Shahidi F. Antioxidants in food and food antioxidants. Food/NAHRUNG (2000) 44 (3): 158-163.
Mimica-Dukić N, Orčić D, Lesjak M, and Šibul F, Essential oils as powerful antioxidants: Misconception or scientific fact?, ACS Publications: (2016) 187-208.
Singh G, Kapoor I, Singh P, de Heluani CS, de Lampasona MP, and Catalan CA. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations on essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale. Food Chem. Toxicol. (2008) 46 (10): 3295-3302.
De Sousa AC, Gattass CR, Alviano DS, Alviano CS, Blank AF, and Alves PB. Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (2004) 56 (5): 677-681.
Turek C and Stintzing FC. Stability of essential oils: a review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. (2013) 12 (1): 40-53.
Akthar MS, Degaga B, and Azam T. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: A review. J. Issues ISSN (2014) 2350: 1588.
Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, and Kim S. A review of the composition of the essential oils and biological activities of angelica species. Sci. Pharm. (2017) 85 (3): 33.
Rassem HH, Nour AH, and Yunus RM. Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: a review. Aust. j. basic appl. sci. (2016) 10 (16): 117-127.
Stratakos AC and Koidis A, Methods for extracting essential oils, Elsevier: (2016) 31-38.
Thavanapong N, Wetwitayaklung P, and Charoenteeraboon J. Comparison of essential oils compositions of Citrus maxima Merr. peel obtained by cold press and vacuum stream distillation methods and of its peel and flower extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method and their antimicrobial activity. J. Essent. Oil Res. (2010) 22 (1): 71-77.
Bousbia N, Vian MA, Ferhat MA, Meklati BY, and Chemat F. A new process for extraction of essential oil from Citrus peels: Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. J. Food Eng. (2009) 90 (3): 409-413.
Vian MA, Fernandez X, Visinoni F, and Chemat F. Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, a new technique for extraction of essential oils. J. Chromatogr. A (2008) 1190 (1-2): 14-17.
Mortazavi SV, Eikani MH, Mirzaei H, Jafari M, and Golmohammad F. Extraction of essential oils from Bunium persicum Boiss. using superheated water. Food Bioprod. Process. (2010) 88 (2-3): 222-226.
De Castro ML, Jimenez-Carmona M, and Fernandez-Perez V. Towards more rational techniques for the isolation of valuable essential oils from plants. Trends Analyt. Chem. (1999) 18 (11): 708-716.
Wang H-W, Liu Y-Q, Wei S-L, Yan Z-J, and Lu K. Comparison of microwave-assisted and conventional hydrodistillation in the extraction of essential oils from mango (Mangifera indica L.) flowers. Molecules (2010) 15 (11): 7715-7723.
Ferhat MA, Meklati BY, and Chemat F. Comparison of different isolation methods of essential oil from Citrus fruits: cold pressing, hydrodistillation and microwave ‘dry’distillation. Flavour Fragr. J. (2007) 22 (6): 494-504.
Anitescu G, Doneanu C, and Radulescu V. Isolation of coriander oil: comparison between steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction. Flavour Fragr. J. (1997) 12 (3): 173-176.
Lang Q and Wai CM. Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies—a practical review. Talanta. (2001) 53 (4): 771-782.
Gogus F, Ozel MZ, and Lewis AC. Superheated water extraction of essential oils of Origanum micranthum. J. Chromatogr. Sci. (2005) 43 (2): 87-91.
Ozel MZ and Kaymaz H. Superheated water extraction, steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction of essential oils of Origanum onites. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. (2004) 379 (7-8): 1127-1133.
Khajenoori M, Asl AH, Hormozi F, Eikani M, and Bidgoli HN. Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss. J. Food Process Eng. (2009) 32 (6): 804-816.
Ban G-H, Yoon H, and Kang D-H. A comparison of saturated steam and superheated steam for inactivation of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel. Food Control (2014) 40: 344-350.
Alfy A, Kiran B, Jeevitha G, and Hebbar HU. Recent developments in superheated steam processing of foods—a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2016) 56 (13): 2191-2208.
Boucard G and Serth R. Continuous steam distillation of essential oils. Perfumer & flavorist (1998) 23 (2): 1-5.
Rouatbi M, Duquenoy A, and Giampaoli P. Extraction of the essential oil of thyme and black pepper by superheated steam. Journal of food Engineering (2007) 78 (2): 708-714.
Ayub MA, Hanif MA, Blanchfield J, Zubair M, Abid MA, and Saleh MT. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo-gum-resin essential oil extracted by superheated steam. Natural Product Research (2022): 1-6.
Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, and Anackov G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2006) 54 (5): 1822-1828.
Chan EWC, Lim YY, and Omar M. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves of Etlingera species (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chem. (2007) 104 (4): 1586-1593.
Singh G, Marimuthu P, De Heluani CS, and Catalan CA. Antioxidant and biocidal activities of Carum nigrum (seed) essential oil, oleoresin, and their selected components. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2006) 54 (1): 174-181.
Yen G-C, Duh P-D, and Chuang D-Y. Antioxidant activity of anthraquinones and anthrone. Food chemistry (2000) 70 (4): 437-441.
Rashid S, Rather MA, Shah WA, and Bhat BA. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Artemisia indica Willd. Food Chem. (2013) 138 (1): 693-700.
Sarker SD, Nahar L, and Kumarasamy Y. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods (2007) 42 (4): 321-324.
Ayub MA, Hanif MA, Sarfraz RA, and Shahid M. Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods. Int. J. Food Prop. (2018) 21 (1): 808-820.
Hussain AI, Anwar F, Chatha SA, Latif S, Sherazi ST, Ahmad A, Worthington J, and Sarker SD. Chemical composition and bioactivity studies of the essential oils from two Thymus species from the Pakistani flora. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. (2013) 50 (1): 185-192.
Das A, Dey S, Sahoo RK, Sahoo S, and Subudhi E. Antibiofilm and antibacterial activity of essential oil bearing Zingiber officinale Rosc.(Ginger) rhizome against multi-drug Resistant isolates. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (2019) 22 (4): 1163-1171.
Ayub MA, Hanif MA, Blanchfield J, Zubair M, Abid MA, and Saleh MT. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Boswellia serrata oleo-gum-resin essential oil extracted by superheated steam. Nat. Prod. Res. (2022): 1-6.
Ayub MA, Goksen G, Fatima A, Zubair M, Abid MA, and Starowicz M. Comparison of Conventional Extraction Techniques with Superheated Steam Distillation on Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Syzygium aromaticum L. Essential Oil. Sep. (2023) 10 (1): 27.
Rouatbi M, Duquenoy A, and Giampaoli P. Extraction of the essential oil of thyme and black pepper by superheated steam. J Food Eng. (2007) 78 (2): 708-714.
Gamiz-Gracia L and De Castro ML. Continuous subcritical water extraction of medicinal plant essential oil: comparison with conventional techniques. Talanta. (2000) 51 (6): 1179-1185.
Jimenez-Carmona M, Ubera J, and De Castro ML. Comparison of continuous subcritical water extraction and hydrodistillation of marjoram essential oil. J. Chromatogr. A (1999) 855 (2): 625-632.
Siramon P and Ohtani Y. Antioxidative and antiradical activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand. J. Wood Sci. (2007) 53 (6): 498-504.
Ayub MA, Choobkar N, Hanif MA, Abbas M, Ain QU, Riaz M, and Garmakhani AD. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of P. roxburghii oleoresin essential oils extracted by steam distillation, superheated steam, and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction. J. Food Sci. (2023).
Ghaffar A, Yameen M, Kiran S, Kamal S, Jalal F, Munir B, Saleem S, Rafiq N, Ahmad A, and Saba I. Chemical composition and in-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from seven Eucalyptus species. Molecules. (2015) 20 (11): 20487-20498.
Aminjafari A, Miroliaei M, Angelova VT, Emamzadeh R, Djukic MM, Djuric A, and Saso L. Antioxidant activity and protective role on protein glycation of synthetic aminocoumarins. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (2016) 19 (6): 43-48.
El-Ghorab A, El-Massry KF, Anjum FM, Shahwarb MK, and Shibamoto T. The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Pakistani Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants. (2009) 12 (3): 262-272.
Haida Z and Hakiman M. A comprehensive review on the determination of enzymatic assay and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities. Food science & nutrition (2019) 7 (5): 1555-1563.
Jugreet BS, Suroowan S, Rengasamy RK, and Mahomoodally MF. Chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action and industrial applications of essential oils. Trends Food Sci. Technol. (2020) 101: 89-105.
Mezza GN, Borgarello AV, Grosso NR, Fernandez H, Pramparo MC, and Gayol MF. Antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil fractions obtained by molecular distillation and their effect on oxidative stability of sunflower oil. Food Chem. (2018) 242: 9-15.
Kadri A, Zarai Z, Chobba IB, Békir A, Gharsallah N, Damak M, and Gdoura R. Chemical constituents and antioxidant properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil cultivated from the South-Western of Tunisia. J. Med. Plant Res. (2011) 5 (29): 6502-6508.
Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, and Jovin E. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2007) 55 (19): 7879-7885.
Abdollahnejad F, Kobarfard F, Kamalinejad M, Mehrgan H, and Babaeian M. Yield, chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oils obtained by two different methods. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (2016) 19 (3): 574-581.
Ragab TI, El Gendy ANG, Saleh IA, and Esawy MA. Chemical composition and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the Origanum majorana essential oil extracted by microwave-assisted extraction, conventional hydro-distillation and steam distillation. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (2019) 22 (2): 563-573.
Cai Z-M, Peng J-Q, Chen Y, Tao L, Zhang Y-Y, Fu L-Y, Long Q-D, and Shen X-C. 1, 8-Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. (2021) 23 (10): 938-954.
Ghalem BR and Mohamed B. Antibacterial activity of essential oil of north west Algerian Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Coast. Life Med. (2014) 2 (10): 799-804.
Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, Svircev E, Petrovic A, and Mimica-Dukic N. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Ethnopharmacol. (2016) 178: 125-136.
Jemâa JMB, Haouel S, Bouaziz M, and Khouja ML. Seasonal variations in chemical composition and fumigant activity of five Eucalyptus essential oils against three moth pests of stored dates in Tunisia. J. Stored. Prod. Res. (2012) 48: 61-67.
Khalid KA, Essa EF, Ismaiel HM, and Elsayed AA. Effects of geographical locations on essential oil composition of Navel orange leaves and flowers. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants. (2020) 23 (1): 139-148.
Akin M, Aktumsek A, and Nostro A. Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and Myrtus communis L. growing in Northern Cyprus. Afr. J. Biotechnol. (2010) 9 (4): 531-535.
Venditti A. What is and what should never be: artifacts, improbable phytochemicals, contaminants and natural products. Nat. Prod. Res. (2020) 34 (7): 1014-1031.
Chienthavorn O and Insuan W. Superheated water extraction of lime peel: A comparison with conventional methods. Anal. Lett. (2004) 37 (11): 2393-2409.
- Abstract Viewed: 579 times
- IJPS_Volume 19_Issue 2_ Pages 139-155 Downloaded: 129 times