Facemask and Respirator in Reducing the Spread of Respiratory Viruses; a Systematic Review
Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine,
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021),
1 January 2021
,
Page e56
https://doi.org/10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1286
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory viruses spread fast, and some manners have been recommended for reducing the spread of these viruses, including the use of a facemask or respirator, maintaining hand hygiene, and perfoming social distancing. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of facemasks and respirators on reducing the spread of respiratory viruses.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review using MeSH terms, and reported findings according to PRISMA. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science(WoS), and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 2009 and 2020. Two independent reviewers determined whether the studies met inclusion criteria. The risk of bias of studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT).
Results: A total of 1505 articles were initially retrieved and 10 were finally included in our analysis (sample size: 3065). 96.8% of non-infected participants used facemask or respirator in contact with people infected with a respiratory virus, facemask and respirator have a significant effect on reducing the spread of respiratory viruses.
Conclusion: Evidence support that using a facemask or respirator can reduce the spread of all types of respiratory viruses; therefore, this result can be generalized to the present pandemic of a respiratory virus (SARS-COV-2) and it is recommended to use a facemask or respirator for reducing the spread of this respiratory virus.
- N95 respirators
- Masks
- respiratory protective devices
- respiratory tract infections
- virus diseases
How to Cite
References
Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, Chan K-H, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJ, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature medicine. 2020;26(5):676-80.
Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, Tam CC. Effectiveness of masks and respirators against respiratory infections in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017;65(11):1934-42.
Lepelletier D, Grandbastien B, Romano-Bertrand S, Aho S, Chidiac C, Géhanno J-F, et al. What face mask for what use in the context of COVID-19 pandemic? The French guidelines. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020.
Park SH. Personal protective equipment for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infection & chemotherapy. 2020;52(2):165.
Wu J, Xu F, Zhou W, Feikin DR, Lin C-Y, He X, et al. Risk factors for SARS among persons without known contact with SARS patients, Beijing, China. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004;10(2):210.
Hendley JO, Wenzel RP, Gwaltney Jr JM. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1973;288(26):1361-4.
Shaterian N, Abdi F. Is cesarean section a safe delivery method to prevent mother to child transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Tehran Univ Med J TUMS Publ. 2020;78(5):337-8.
Szarpak L, Smereka J, Filipiak KJ, Ladny JR, Jaguszewski M. Cloth masks versus medical masks for COVID-19 protection. Cardiology journal. 2020;27(2):218-9.
Hong N, Yu W, Xia J, Shen Y, Yap M, Han W. Evaluation of ocular symptoms and tropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 in patients confirmed with COVID‐19. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2020.
Rahnemaie FS, Zare E, Zaheri F, Abdi F. Effects of complementary medicine on successful breastfeeding and its associated issues in the postpartum period. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2019;29(1).
Abdi F, Roozbeh N. The effects of Humulus lupulus L.) hops) on menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2016;19(26):9-17.
Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, Agyemang C, Remuzzi G, Rapi S, et al. Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2016;11(1):e0147601.
Pourmotabbed A, Moradi S, Babaei A, Ghavami A, Mohammadi H, Jalili C, et al. Food insecurity and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public health nutrition. 2020;23(10):1778-90.
Moradi M-T, Asadi-Samani M, Mobasheri M. Evaluating the quality of materials and methods for writings of final proposal in clinical trial studies in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences based on Consort checklist. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery. 2014;2.
Abdi F, Kazemi F, Tehrani FR, Roozbeh N. Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis: hop (Humulus lupulus L.) for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. BMJ open. 2016;6(4).
Heinzerling A, Stuckey PMJ, Scheuer T, Xu K, Perkins KM, Resseger H, et al. Transmission of COVID-19 to health care personnel during exposures to a hospitalized patient—Solano County, California, February 2020. 2020.
Jaeger JL, Patel M, Dharan N, Hancock K, Meites E, Mattson C, et al. Transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus among healthcare personnel—Southern California, 2009. infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2011;32(12):1149.
Ki HK, Han SK, Son JS, Park SO. Risk of transmission via medical employees and importance of routine infection-prevention policy in a nosocomial outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a descriptive analysis from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2019;19(1):1-12.
Ryu B, Cho S-I, Oh M-d, Lee J-K, Lee J, Hwang Y-O, et al. Seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in public health workers responding to a MERS outbreak in Seoul, Republic of Korea, in 2015. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR. 2019;10(2):46.
Alraddadi BM, Al-Salmi HS, Jacobs-Slifka K, Slayton RB, Estivariz CF, Geller AI, et al. Risk factors for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection among healthcare personnel. Emerging infectious diseases. 2016;22(11):1915.
Barasheed O, Almasri N, Badahdah A-M, Heron L, Taylor J, McPhee K, et al. Pilot randomised controlled trial to test effectiveness of facemasks in preventing influenza-like illness transmission among Australian Hajj pilgrims in 2011. Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Infectious Disorders). 2014;14(2):110-6.
Wiboonchutikul S, Manosuthi W, Likanonsakul S, Sangsajja C, Kongsanan P, Nitiyanontakij R, et al. Lack of transmission among healthcare workers in contact with a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Thailand. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2016;5(1):1-5.
Suess T, Remschmidt C, Schink SB, Schweiger B, Nitsche A, Schroeder K, et al. The role of facemasks and hand hygiene in the prevention of influenza transmission in households: results from a cluster randomised trial; Berlin, Germany, 2009-2011. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12(1):1-16.
MacIntyre CR, Wang Q, Cauchemez S, Seale H, Dwyer DE, Yang P, et al. A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit‐tested and non‐fit‐tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2011;5(3):170-9.
MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE, Seale H, Cheung P, Browne G, et al. Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households. Emerging infectious diseases. 2009;15(2):233.
Cheng VC, Tai JW, Wong L, Chan JF, Li IW, To K, et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of swine-origin pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1 by infection control bundle. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2010;74(3):271-7.
Chughtai AA, Seale H, Macintyre CR. Effectiveness of cloth masks for protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerging infectious diseases. 2020;26(10).
Bahl P, Doolan C, De Silva C, Chughtai AA, Bourouiba L, MacIntyre CR. Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19? The Journal of infectious diseases. 2020.
Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y, Guo M, Liu Y, Gali NK, et al. Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. 2020;582(7813):557-60.
Tellier R, Li Y, Cowling BJ, Tang JW. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC infectious diseases. 2019;19(1):101.
Jaeger JL, Patel M, Dharan N, Hancock K, Meites E, Mattson C, et al. Transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus among healthcare personnel—Southern California, 2009. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2011;32(12):1149-57.
Ki HK, Han SK, Son JS, Park SO. Risk of transmission via medical employees and importance of routine infection-prevention policy in a nosocomial outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a descriptive analysis from a tertiary care hospital in South Korea. BMC pulmonary medicine. 2019;19(1):190.
COVID TC. Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19-United States, February 12-April 9, 2020. https://www cdc gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6915e6-H pdf. 2020.
Lau JT, Fung KS, Wong TW, Kim JH, Wong E, Chung S, et al. SARS transmission among hospital workers in Hong Kong. Emerging infectious diseases. 2004;10(2):280.
Ippolito M, Vitale F, Accurso G, Iozzo P, Gregoretti C, Giarratano A, et al. Medical masks and Respirators for the Protection of Healthcare Workers from SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Pulmonology. 2020.
Kuklane K, Lundgren K, Gao C, Löndahl J, Hornyanszky ED, Östergren P-O, et al. Ebola: improving the design of protective clothing for emergency workers allows them to better cope with heat stress and help to contain the epidemic. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2015;59(2):258-61.
Bastola A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Lal BK, Jha R, Ojha HC, et al. The first 2019 novel coronavirus case in Nepal. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(3):279-80.
Suess T, Remschmidt C, Schink SB, Schweiger B, Nitsche A, Schroeder K, et al. The role of facemasks and hand hygiene in the prevention of influenza transmission in households: results from a cluster randomised trial; Berlin, Germany, 2009-2011. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12(1):26.
Simmerman JM, Suntarattiwong P, Levy J, Jarman RG, Kaewchana S, Gibbons RV, et al. Findings from a household randomized controlled trial of hand washing and face masks to reduce influenza transmission in Bangkok, Thailand. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2011;5(4):256-67.
Aiello AE, Murray GF, Perez V, Coulborn RM, Davis BM, Uddin M, et al. Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2010;201(4):491-8.
Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, et al. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2020.
MacIntyre CR, Seale H, Dung TC, Hien NT, Nga PT, Chughtai AA, et al. A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers. BMJ open. 2015;5(4):e006577.
Malik T. COVID-19 and the efficacy of different types of respiratory protective equipment used by health care providers in a health care setting. Cureus. 2020;12(4).
Boškoski I, Gallo C, Wallace MB, Costamagna G. COVID-19 pandemic and personal protective equipment shortage: protective efficacy comparing masks and scientific methods for respirator reuse. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2020.
Radonovich LJ, Simberkoff MS, Bessesen MT, Brown AC, Cummings DA, Gaydos CA, et al. N95 respirators vs medical masks for preventing influenza among health care personnel: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2019;322(9):824-33.
Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, Copes RA, Schwartz B, Garber GE. Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2016;188(8):567-74.
Wiboonchutikul S, Manosuthi W, Likanonsakul S, Sangsajja C, Kongsanan P, Nitiyanontakij R, et al. Lack of transmission among healthcare workers in contact with a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Thailand. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2016;5(1):21.
- Abstract Viewed: 1305 times
- pdf Downloaded: 617 times
