Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences

Abstract

Introduction: Light‑based therapies, particularly photobiomodulation (PBM), have emerged as safe, non‑invasive modalities with expanding applications in dermatology and rehabilitation medicine. However, substantial variability in treatment parameters and a lack of consolidated evidence continue to hinder their standardized clinical adoption. This review aims to synthesize the molecular mechanisms, biological effects, and clinical applications of light‑based therapies in dermatology, with a focus on optimizing treatment protocols and improving skin health outcomes.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted to summarize experimental and clinical evidence on light‑based therapies, including red light, blue light, near‑infrared (NIR), LEDs, low‑level laser therapy (LLLT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: Phototherapy, Photobiomodulation, Wound Healing, Radiation Therapy, Precision Medicine, and Skin Rejuvenation. Retrieved studies on molecular pathways, cellular responses, therapeutic efficacy, and clinical outcomes were critically appraised and narratively synthesized.
Results: PBM primarily acts via mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase absorption, enhancing ATP production and modulating ROS and NO signaling. Red and NIR light promote collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and tissue repair, while blue light exhibits antimicrobial effects against C. acnes and induces reparative macrophage polarization. PDT modulates inflammatory and regenerative pathways. Clinical data support the use of these therapies for radiation dermatitis, oral mucositis, acne, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation. Evidence for plaque psoriasis is limited, though combination with NB‑UVB shows promise.
Conclusion: Light‑based therapies offer effective, versatile options for tissue repair, inflammation control, and management of diverse skin conditions. Future integration of multi‑wavelength technologies with biomarker‑guided personalization is expected to enhance treatment precision and expand clinical applications.