Effects of 2.45 GHz Non-Ionizing Radiation on Anxiety-Like Behavior, Gene Expression, and Corticosterone Level in Male Rats Long-term Radiation Exposure Modifies Memory and Anxiety Behavior in Rats
Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences,
Vol. 13 (2022),
10 January 2022
,
Page e56
Abstract
The effects of short-term and long-term exposures to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on anxiety-like behavior, corticosterone level, and gene expression were investigated. The animals have been classified into eight groups, sham groups and, exposed groups for short-term and long-term exposure to the same dose of RF-EMR for one hour daily. The Wi-Fi equipment in the sham control group was not turned on during the experiment. The goal of this study was to explore the effect of electromagnetic fields of 2.45 GHz on clinical signs such as bodyweight and anxiety-like behavior, including the elevated plus maze test and open-field test, and also on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Bax (Bcl2-associated x) and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) genes on the cognitive memory functions in an animal model of rats. Both genes were further confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The semi-quantitative PCR method of electromagnetic fields in the 2.45 GHz range impacted the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes in the rat's memory. The present study exhibited that short-term radiation could decrease the percentage of entry into the open arm and the percentage of time spent, while there were no substantial impacts on the long-term radiation effect. Our data support the hypothesis that short-term exposure worked as a systemic stressor, raising plasma corticosterone and changing glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus. Additional research on this specific frequency and amount of radiation is required to discover strategies for protecting the nervous system from the detrimental effects of RF-EMR radiation.
Keywords:
- Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, gene expression, elevated plus maze, Bcl-2, Bax gene, corticosterone.
How to Cite
Tarsaei, M., Peyrovan, Z. S., Mahdavi, S. M., Modarresi Chahardehi, A., Vafaie , R. ., & Haidari, . M. H. . (2022). Effects of 2.45 GHz Non-Ionizing Radiation on Anxiety-Like Behavior, Gene Expression, and Corticosterone Level in Male Rats: Long-term Radiation Exposure Modifies Memory and Anxiety Behavior in Rats. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 13, e56. Retrieved from https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jlms/article/view/39761
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Bektas, H., Dasdag, S., & Bektas, M. S. (2020). Comparison of effects of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi and mobile phone exposure on human placenta and cord blood. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 34(1), 154-162. doi:10.1080/13102818.2020.1725639
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Gholami, D., Riazi, G., Fathi, R., Sharafi, M., & Shahverdi, A. (2019). Comparison of polymerization and structural behavior of microtubules in rat brain and sperm affected by the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. BMC Molecular and Cell Biology, 20(1), 41. doi:10.1186/s12860-019-0224-1
H Esmaili, M., Masoumi, H., Jadidi, M., Miladi-Gorji, H., & Nazari, H. (2017). The effects of acute mobile phone radiation on the anxiety level of male rats. Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 4(2), e43478.
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Karimi, S. A., Salehi, I., Shykhi, T., Zare, S., & Komaki, A. (2019). Effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in male rats. Behavioural brain research, 359, 630-638.
Kazemi, M., Sahraei, H., Aliyari, H., Tekieh, E., Saberi, M., Tavacoli, H., . . . Hajnasrollah, M. (2018). Effects of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on NMDA-Receptor Gene Expression and Visual Working Memory in Male Rhesus Macaques. Basic Clin Neurosci, 9(3), 167-176. doi:10.29252/NIRP.BCN.9.3.167
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Lynn, D. A., & Brown, G. R. (2010). The ontogeny of anxiety-like behavior in rats from adolescence to adulthood. Dev Psychobiol, 52(8), 731-739. doi:10.1002/dev.20468
Magiera, A., & Solecka, J. (2020). Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from Wi-fi and its effects on human health, in particular children and adolescents. Review. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 71(3), 251-259. doi:10.32394/rpzh.2020.0125
Mahdavi, S., Khodarahmi, P., & Roodbari, N. (2018). Effects of cadmium on Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio in rat cortex brain and hippocampus. Human & experimental toxicology, 37(3), 321-328.
Mashevich, M., Folkman, D., Kesar, A., Barbul, A., Korenstein, R., Jerby, E., & Avivi, L. (2003). Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability. Bioelectromagnetics, 24(2), 82-90. doi:10.1002/bem.10086
Mazor, A., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Kozlovsky, N., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2009). Gender-related qualitative differences in baseline and post-stress anxiety responses are not reflected in the incidence of criterion-based PTSD-like behaviour patterns. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 10(4-3), 856-869.
McHugh, S. B., Deacon, R. M., Rawlins, J. N., & Bannerman, D. M. (2004). Amygdala and ventral hippocampus contribute differentially to mechanisms of fear and anxiety. Behav Neurosci, 118(1), 63-78. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.63
Mendes-Gomes, J., Miguel, T. T., Amaral, V. C. S., & Nunes-de-Souza, R. L. (2011). Corticosterone does not change open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice. Hormones and Behavior, 60(4), 408-413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.07.004
Motawi, T. K., Darwish, H. A., Moustafa, Y. M., & Labib, M. M. (2014). Biochemical Modifications and Neuronal Damage in Brain of Young and Adult Rats After Long-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiations. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 70(2), 845-855. doi:10.1007/s12013-014-9990-8
Nahas, Z., Jiang, Y., Zeidan, Y. H., Bielawska, A., Szulc, Z., Devane, L., . . . Hannun, Y. A. (2009). Anti-ceramidase LCL385 acutely reduces BCL-2 expression in the hippocampus but is not associated with an increase of learned helplessness in rats. Behav Brain Res, 197(1), 41-44. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.040
Obajuluwa, A. O., Akinyemi, A. J., Afolabi, O. B., Adekoya, K., Sanya, J. O., & Ishola, A. O. (2017). Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves alters acetylcholinesterase gene expression, exploratory and motor coordination-linked behaviour in male rats. Toxicol Rep, 4, 530-534. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.007
Oltval, Z. N., Milliman, C. L., & Korsmeyer, S. J. (1993). Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death. cell, 74(4), 609-619.
Othman, H., Ammari, M., Sakly, M., & Abdelmelek, H. (2017). Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats. Metab Brain Dis, 32(5), 1459-1469. doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0016-2
Pfaffl, M. W., Tichopad, A., Prgomet, C., & Neuvians, T. P. (2004). Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper--Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations. Biotechnol Lett, 26(6), 509-515. doi:10.1023/b:bile.0000019559.84305.47
Prut, L., & Belzung, C. (2003). The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review. Eur J Pharmacol, 463(1-3), 3-33. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01272-x
Rafati, A., Erfanizadeh, M., Noorafshan, A., & Karbalay-Doust, S. (2015). Effect of benzene on the cerebellar structure and behavioral characteristics in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(7), 568-573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.002
Rao, R. M., & Sadananda, M. (2016a). Influence of State and/or Trait Anxieties of Wistar Rats in an Anxiety Paradigm. Ann Neurosci, 23(1), 44-50. doi:10.1159/000443555
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