Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences,
Vol. 13 (2022),
10 Dey 2022
,
Page e34
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder which characterized by thyroid gland dysfunction. Low Level Laser Therapy(LLLT) is a safe and non-invasive intervention that gained much attention in many clinical applications including pain relief, regenerative medicine, and autoimmune. In the present review, we discuss the effects of LLLT on the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis.
Keywords:
- low level laser therpy(LLLT), photobiomodulation, autoimmune thyroiditis, laser therapy, autoimmune disease, inflammation,
How to Cite
Hossein-Khannazer, N. ., Kazem Arki, M. ., Keramatinia, A. ., & Rezaei-Tavirani, M. . (2022). Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 13, e34. Retrieved from https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jlms/article/view/37357
References
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2. Latrofa F, Pinchera A. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. Autoimmune diseases in Endocrinology: Springer; 2007. p. 137-76.
3. Churilov L, Stroev YI, Serdyuk IY, Kaminova-Mudzhikova O, Belyaeva I, Gvozdetsky A, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis: Centennial jubilee of a social disease and its comorbidity. Pathophysiology. 2014;21(2):135-45.
4. Duntas LH. Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis. Nature clinical practice Endocrinology & metabolism. 2008;4(8):454-60.
5. Burek CL, Talor MV. Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis. Journal of autoimmunity. 2009;33(3-4):183-9.
6. Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Elia G, Ragusa F, Camastra S, Paparo SR, et al. Novel therapies for thyroid autoimmune diseases: an update. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;34(1):101366.
7. Posten W, Wrone DA, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Silapunt S, Alam M. Low‐level laser therapy for wound healing: mechanism and efficacy. Dermatologic surgery. 2005;31(3):334-40.
8. Farivar S, Malekshahabi T, Shiari R. Biological effects of low level laser therapy. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2014;5(2):58.
9. AlGhamdi KM, Kumar A, Moussa NA. Low-level laser therapy: a useful technique for enhancing the proliferation of various cultured cells. Lasers in medical science. 2012;27(1):237-49.
10. Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Osmani BZ, Sharma SK, Naeser MA, Hamblin MR. Role of low‐level laser therapy in neurorehabilitation. Pm&r. 2010;2:S292-S305.
11. Sun G, Tunér J. Low-level laser therapy in dentistry. Dental Clinics. 2004;48(4):1061-76.
12. Bjordal JM, Couppé C, Chow RT, Tunér J, Ljunggren EA. A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. Australian journal of physiotherapy. 2003;49(2):107-16.
13. Alves ACA, de Carvalho PdTC, Parente M, Xavier M, Frigo L, Aimbire F, et al. Low-level laser therapy in different stages of rheumatoid arthritis: a histological study. Lasers in medical science. 2013;28(2):529-36.
14. Moskvin SV. Low-level laser therapy in Russia: history, science and practice. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2017;8(2):56.
15. Wang SH, Baker Jr JR. The role of apoptosis in thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid. 2007;17(10):975-9.
16. Zosin I, Balaş M. Clinical, ultrasonographical and histopathological aspects in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Endokrynologia Polska. 2013;64(4):255-62.
17. Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Graves' Disease: Springer; 2015. p. 5-20.
18. Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects: Springer; 2011. p. 457-81.
19. Rydzewska M, Jaromin M, Pasierowska IE, Stożek K, Bossowski A. Role of the T and B lymphocytes in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid research. 2018;11(1):1-11.
20. Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Elia G, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Ruffilli I, et al. Graves' disease: Clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;34(1):101388.
21. Drugarin D, Negru S, Koreck A, Zosin I, Cristea C. The pattern of a TH1 cytokine in autoimmune thyroiditis. Immunology letters. 2000;71(2):73-7.
22. Weetman AP. Autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity. 2004;37(4):337-40.
23. Huang Y-Y, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy–an update. Dose-Response. 2011;9(4):dose-response. 11-009. Hamblin.
24. dos Santos Santinoni C, Oliveira HFF, de Souza Batista VE, Lemos CAA, Verri FR. Influence of low-level laser therapy on the healing of human bone maxillofacial defects: A systematic review. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2017;169:83-9.
25. Legiawati L, Bianti M. Efficacy of low level laser therapy in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Journal of General-Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia. 2018:6-10.
26. Kubsik A, Klimkiewicz P, Woldańska-Okońska M. Application of laser therapy in the physiotherapy of patients with multiple sclerosis. Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland: 1960). 2012;65(1):55-61.
27. Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ, Arany PR. Low-level light/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015. p. 183-4.
28. Tatmatsu-Rocha JC, Ferraresi C, Hamblin MR, Maia FD, do Nascimento NRF, Driusso P, et al. Low-level laser therapy (904 nm) can increase collagen and reduce oxidative and nitrosative stress in diabetic wounded mouse skin. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2016;164:96-102.
29. Bensadoun R-J, Nair RG. Low-level laser therapy in the management of mucositis and dermatitis induced by cancer therapy. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015. p. 487-91.
30. Migliario M, Sabbatini M, Mortellaro C, Renò F. Near infrared low‐level laser therapy and cell proliferation: The emerging role of redox sensitive signal transduction pathways. Journal of biophotonics. 2018;11(11):e201800025.
31. Yin K, Zhu R, Wang S, Zhao RC. Low-level laser effect on proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells and development. 2017;26(10):762-75.
32. Amid R, Kadkhodazadeh M, Ahsaie MG, Hakakzadeh A. Effect of low level laser therapy on proliferation and differentiation of the cells contributing in bone regeneration. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2014;5(4):163.
33. Soares DM, Ginani F, Henriques ÁG, Barboza CAG. Effects of laser therapy on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(3):1171-4.
34. Ginani F, Soares DM, Barboza CAG. Effect of low-level laser therapy on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation: a systematic review. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(8):2189-94.
35. Cotler HB, Chow RT, Hamblin MR, Carroll J. The use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) for musculoskeletal pain. MOJ orthopedics & rheumatology. 2015;2(5).
36. Beckmann KH, Meyer-Hamme G, Schröder S. Low level laser therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a critical survey. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014.
37. Boschi ES, Leite CE, Saciura VC, Caberlon E, Lunardelli A, Bitencourt S, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of low‐level laser therapy (660 nm) in the early phase in carrageenan‐induced pleurisy in rat. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: The Official Journal of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. 2008;40(7):500-8.
38. Freddo AL, Rodrigo SM, Massotti FP, Etges A, de Oliveira MG. Effect of low-level laser therapy after implantation of poly-L-lactic/polyglycolic acid in the femurs of rats. Lasers in medical science. 2009;24(5):721-8.
39. de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics. 2016;22(3):348-64.
40. Xuan W, Agrawal T, Huang L, Gupta GK, Hamblin MR. Low‐level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptogenesis. Journal of biophotonics. 2015;8(6):502-11.
41. Leal-Junior ECP, Vanin AA, Miranda EF, de Carvalho PdTC, Dal Corso S, Bjordal JM. Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise recovery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(2):925-39.
42. Moreira SH, Pazzini JM, Álvarez JL, Cassino PC, Bustamante CC, Bernardes FJ, et al. Evaluation of angiogenesis, inflammation, and healing on irradiated skin graft with low-level laser therapy in rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus wistar). Lasers in medical science. 2020:1-7.
43. Azevedo LH, Correaaranha AC, Stolf SF, Eduardo CDP, Ferreira Vieira MM. Evaluation of low intensity laser effects on the thyroid gland of male mice. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2005;23(6):567-70.
44. Valcavi R, Riganti F, Bertani A, Formisano D, Pacella CM. Percutaneous laser ablation of cold benign thyroid nodules: a 3-year follow-up study in 122 patients. Thyroid. 2010;20(11):1253-61.
45. Piana S, Riganti F, Froio E, Andrioli M, Pacella CM, Valcavi R. Pathological findings of thyroid nodules after percutaneous laser ablation. Endocrine pathology. 2012;23(2):94-100.
46. Morcos N, Omran M, Ghanem H, Elahdal M, Kamel N, Attia E. Phototherapeutic Effect of Low‐Level Laser on Thyroid Gland of Gamma‐Irradiated Rats. Photochemistry and photobiology. 2015;91(4):942-51.
47. Fronza B, Somacal T, Mayer L, De Moraes J, De Oliveira M, Weber J. Assessment of the systemic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on thyroid hormone function in a rabbit model. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2013;42(1):26-30.
48. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, et al. Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers in medical science. 2013;28(3):743-53.
49. Luty J, Ruckemann-Dziurdzińska K, Witkowski JM, Bryl E. Immunological aspects of autoimmune thyroid disease–Complex interplay between cells and cytokines. Cytokine. 2019;116:128-33.
50. Leung MC, Lo SC, Siu FK, So KF. Treatment of experimentally induced transient cerebral ischemia with low energy laser inhibits nitric oxide synthase activity and up‐regulates the expression of transforming growth factor‐beta 1. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: The Official Journal of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. 2002;31(4):283-8.
51. Kardalas E, Maraka S, Papagianni M, Paltoglou G, Siristatidis C, Mastorakos G. TGF-β Physiology as a Novel Therapeutic Target Regarding Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Where Do We Stand and What to Expect. Medicina. 2021;57(6):621.
52. Khan I, Rahman SU, Tang E, Engel K, Hall B, Kulkarni AB, et al. Accelerated burn wound healing with photobiomodulation therapy involves activation of endogenous latent TGF-β1. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):1-15.
53. Arany PR, Nayak RS, Hallikerimath S, Limaye AM, Kale AD, Kondaiah P. Activation of latent TGF‐β1 by low‐power laser in vitro correlates with increased TGF‐β1 levels in laser‐enhanced oral wound healing. Wound repair and regeneration. 2007;15(6):866-74.
54. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Romao R, Yoshimura EM, et al. Low‐level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: A pilot study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2010;42(6):589-96.
55. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, et al. Assessment of the effects of low-level laser therapy on the thyroid vascularization of patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism by color Doppler ultrasound. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012;2012.
56. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Acencio MM, Cerri GG, Marui S, Yoshimura EM, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the serum TGF-β1 concentrations in individuals with autoimmune thyroiditis. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2014;32(8):444-9.
57. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Buchpiguel CA, Cerri GG, Marui S, Carneiro PC, et al. Safety and efficacy of low-level laser therapy in autoimmune thyroiditis: long-term follow-up study. International journal of endocrinology. 2018;2018.
58. Albuquerque-Pontes GM, de Paula Vieira R, Tomazoni SS, Caires CO, Nemeth V, Vanin AA, et al. Effect of pre-irradiation with different doses, wavelengths, and application intervals of low-level laser therapy on cytochrome c oxidase activity in intact skeletal muscle of rats. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(1):59-66.
59. Hamblin MR, de Sousa MVP, Arany PR, Carroll JD, Patthoff D, editors. Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: the path forward. Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy X; 2015: International Society for Optics and Photonics.
60. Ercetin C, Sahbaz NA, Acar S, Tutal F, Erbil Y. Impact of Photobiomodulation on T3/T4 Ratio and Quality of Life in Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery. 2020;38(7):409-12.
2. Latrofa F, Pinchera A. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. Autoimmune diseases in Endocrinology: Springer; 2007. p. 137-76.
3. Churilov L, Stroev YI, Serdyuk IY, Kaminova-Mudzhikova O, Belyaeva I, Gvozdetsky A, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis: Centennial jubilee of a social disease and its comorbidity. Pathophysiology. 2014;21(2):135-45.
4. Duntas LH. Environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis. Nature clinical practice Endocrinology & metabolism. 2008;4(8):454-60.
5. Burek CL, Talor MV. Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis. Journal of autoimmunity. 2009;33(3-4):183-9.
6. Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Elia G, Ragusa F, Camastra S, Paparo SR, et al. Novel therapies for thyroid autoimmune diseases: an update. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;34(1):101366.
7. Posten W, Wrone DA, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Silapunt S, Alam M. Low‐level laser therapy for wound healing: mechanism and efficacy. Dermatologic surgery. 2005;31(3):334-40.
8. Farivar S, Malekshahabi T, Shiari R. Biological effects of low level laser therapy. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2014;5(2):58.
9. AlGhamdi KM, Kumar A, Moussa NA. Low-level laser therapy: a useful technique for enhancing the proliferation of various cultured cells. Lasers in medical science. 2012;27(1):237-49.
10. Hashmi JT, Huang YY, Osmani BZ, Sharma SK, Naeser MA, Hamblin MR. Role of low‐level laser therapy in neurorehabilitation. Pm&r. 2010;2:S292-S305.
11. Sun G, Tunér J. Low-level laser therapy in dentistry. Dental Clinics. 2004;48(4):1061-76.
12. Bjordal JM, Couppé C, Chow RT, Tunér J, Ljunggren EA. A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. Australian journal of physiotherapy. 2003;49(2):107-16.
13. Alves ACA, de Carvalho PdTC, Parente M, Xavier M, Frigo L, Aimbire F, et al. Low-level laser therapy in different stages of rheumatoid arthritis: a histological study. Lasers in medical science. 2013;28(2):529-36.
14. Moskvin SV. Low-level laser therapy in Russia: history, science and practice. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2017;8(2):56.
15. Wang SH, Baker Jr JR. The role of apoptosis in thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid. 2007;17(10):975-9.
16. Zosin I, Balaş M. Clinical, ultrasonographical and histopathological aspects in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Endokrynologia Polska. 2013;64(4):255-62.
17. Rapoport B, McLachlan SM. Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Graves' Disease: Springer; 2015. p. 5-20.
18. Morshed SA, Latif R, Davies TF. Immunopathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects: Springer; 2011. p. 457-81.
19. Rydzewska M, Jaromin M, Pasierowska IE, Stożek K, Bossowski A. Role of the T and B lymphocytes in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thyroid research. 2018;11(1):1-11.
20. Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Elia G, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Ruffilli I, et al. Graves' disease: Clinical manifestations, immune pathogenesis (cytokines and chemokines) and therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;34(1):101388.
21. Drugarin D, Negru S, Koreck A, Zosin I, Cristea C. The pattern of a TH1 cytokine in autoimmune thyroiditis. Immunology letters. 2000;71(2):73-7.
22. Weetman AP. Autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity. 2004;37(4):337-40.
23. Huang Y-Y, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy–an update. Dose-Response. 2011;9(4):dose-response. 11-009. Hamblin.
24. dos Santos Santinoni C, Oliveira HFF, de Souza Batista VE, Lemos CAA, Verri FR. Influence of low-level laser therapy on the healing of human bone maxillofacial defects: A systematic review. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2017;169:83-9.
25. Legiawati L, Bianti M. Efficacy of low level laser therapy in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Journal of General-Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia. 2018:6-10.
26. Kubsik A, Klimkiewicz P, Woldańska-Okońska M. Application of laser therapy in the physiotherapy of patients with multiple sclerosis. Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland: 1960). 2012;65(1):55-61.
27. Anders JJ, Lanzafame RJ, Arany PR. Low-level light/laser therapy versus photobiomodulation therapy. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015. p. 183-4.
28. Tatmatsu-Rocha JC, Ferraresi C, Hamblin MR, Maia FD, do Nascimento NRF, Driusso P, et al. Low-level laser therapy (904 nm) can increase collagen and reduce oxidative and nitrosative stress in diabetic wounded mouse skin. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2016;164:96-102.
29. Bensadoun R-J, Nair RG. Low-level laser therapy in the management of mucositis and dermatitis induced by cancer therapy. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2015. p. 487-91.
30. Migliario M, Sabbatini M, Mortellaro C, Renò F. Near infrared low‐level laser therapy and cell proliferation: The emerging role of redox sensitive signal transduction pathways. Journal of biophotonics. 2018;11(11):e201800025.
31. Yin K, Zhu R, Wang S, Zhao RC. Low-level laser effect on proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells and development. 2017;26(10):762-75.
32. Amid R, Kadkhodazadeh M, Ahsaie MG, Hakakzadeh A. Effect of low level laser therapy on proliferation and differentiation of the cells contributing in bone regeneration. Journal of lasers in medical sciences. 2014;5(4):163.
33. Soares DM, Ginani F, Henriques ÁG, Barboza CAG. Effects of laser therapy on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(3):1171-4.
34. Ginani F, Soares DM, Barboza CAG. Effect of low-level laser therapy on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation: a systematic review. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(8):2189-94.
35. Cotler HB, Chow RT, Hamblin MR, Carroll J. The use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) for musculoskeletal pain. MOJ orthopedics & rheumatology. 2015;2(5).
36. Beckmann KH, Meyer-Hamme G, Schröder S. Low level laser therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a critical survey. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014.
37. Boschi ES, Leite CE, Saciura VC, Caberlon E, Lunardelli A, Bitencourt S, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of low‐level laser therapy (660 nm) in the early phase in carrageenan‐induced pleurisy in rat. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: The Official Journal of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. 2008;40(7):500-8.
38. Freddo AL, Rodrigo SM, Massotti FP, Etges A, de Oliveira MG. Effect of low-level laser therapy after implantation of poly-L-lactic/polyglycolic acid in the femurs of rats. Lasers in medical science. 2009;24(5):721-8.
39. de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics. 2016;22(3):348-64.
40. Xuan W, Agrawal T, Huang L, Gupta GK, Hamblin MR. Low‐level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptogenesis. Journal of biophotonics. 2015;8(6):502-11.
41. Leal-Junior ECP, Vanin AA, Miranda EF, de Carvalho PdTC, Dal Corso S, Bjordal JM. Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise recovery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(2):925-39.
42. Moreira SH, Pazzini JM, Álvarez JL, Cassino PC, Bustamante CC, Bernardes FJ, et al. Evaluation of angiogenesis, inflammation, and healing on irradiated skin graft with low-level laser therapy in rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus wistar). Lasers in medical science. 2020:1-7.
43. Azevedo LH, Correaaranha AC, Stolf SF, Eduardo CDP, Ferreira Vieira MM. Evaluation of low intensity laser effects on the thyroid gland of male mice. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2005;23(6):567-70.
44. Valcavi R, Riganti F, Bertani A, Formisano D, Pacella CM. Percutaneous laser ablation of cold benign thyroid nodules: a 3-year follow-up study in 122 patients. Thyroid. 2010;20(11):1253-61.
45. Piana S, Riganti F, Froio E, Andrioli M, Pacella CM, Valcavi R. Pathological findings of thyroid nodules after percutaneous laser ablation. Endocrine pathology. 2012;23(2):94-100.
46. Morcos N, Omran M, Ghanem H, Elahdal M, Kamel N, Attia E. Phototherapeutic Effect of Low‐Level Laser on Thyroid Gland of Gamma‐Irradiated Rats. Photochemistry and photobiology. 2015;91(4):942-51.
47. Fronza B, Somacal T, Mayer L, De Moraes J, De Oliveira M, Weber J. Assessment of the systemic effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on thyroid hormone function in a rabbit model. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2013;42(1):26-30.
48. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, et al. Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers in medical science. 2013;28(3):743-53.
49. Luty J, Ruckemann-Dziurdzińska K, Witkowski JM, Bryl E. Immunological aspects of autoimmune thyroid disease–Complex interplay between cells and cytokines. Cytokine. 2019;116:128-33.
50. Leung MC, Lo SC, Siu FK, So KF. Treatment of experimentally induced transient cerebral ischemia with low energy laser inhibits nitric oxide synthase activity and up‐regulates the expression of transforming growth factor‐beta 1. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine: The Official Journal of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. 2002;31(4):283-8.
51. Kardalas E, Maraka S, Papagianni M, Paltoglou G, Siristatidis C, Mastorakos G. TGF-β Physiology as a Novel Therapeutic Target Regarding Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Where Do We Stand and What to Expect. Medicina. 2021;57(6):621.
52. Khan I, Rahman SU, Tang E, Engel K, Hall B, Kulkarni AB, et al. Accelerated burn wound healing with photobiomodulation therapy involves activation of endogenous latent TGF-β1. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):1-15.
53. Arany PR, Nayak RS, Hallikerimath S, Limaye AM, Kale AD, Kondaiah P. Activation of latent TGF‐β1 by low‐power laser in vitro correlates with increased TGF‐β1 levels in laser‐enhanced oral wound healing. Wound repair and regeneration. 2007;15(6):866-74.
54. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Romao R, Yoshimura EM, et al. Low‐level laser therapy in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: A pilot study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2010;42(6):589-96.
55. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Juliano AG, Cerri GG, Knobel M, Yoshimura EM, et al. Assessment of the effects of low-level laser therapy on the thyroid vascularization of patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism by color Doppler ultrasound. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2012;2012.
56. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Acencio MM, Cerri GG, Marui S, Yoshimura EM, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the serum TGF-β1 concentrations in individuals with autoimmune thyroiditis. Photomedicine and laser surgery. 2014;32(8):444-9.
57. Höfling DB, Chavantes MC, Buchpiguel CA, Cerri GG, Marui S, Carneiro PC, et al. Safety and efficacy of low-level laser therapy in autoimmune thyroiditis: long-term follow-up study. International journal of endocrinology. 2018;2018.
58. Albuquerque-Pontes GM, de Paula Vieira R, Tomazoni SS, Caires CO, Nemeth V, Vanin AA, et al. Effect of pre-irradiation with different doses, wavelengths, and application intervals of low-level laser therapy on cytochrome c oxidase activity in intact skeletal muscle of rats. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(1):59-66.
59. Hamblin MR, de Sousa MVP, Arany PR, Carroll JD, Patthoff D, editors. Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: the path forward. Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy X; 2015: International Society for Optics and Photonics.
60. Ercetin C, Sahbaz NA, Acar S, Tutal F, Erbil Y. Impact of Photobiomodulation on T3/T4 Ratio and Quality of Life in Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery. 2020;38(7):409-12.
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