Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
  • Register
  • Login

Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences

  • Home
  • Issues
    • Current Issue
    • Archives
  • Journal Info
    • About the Journal
    • Editorial Team
    • Indexing/Abstracting
    • Contact Us
  • Author Guideline
    • Submission Guide
    • Author Statement Form
    • Peer Review Process
    • Publication Fee
  • Ethics & Policies
    • Ethical Requirements
    • Authorship Rules
    • Withdrawal Regulations
    • Retraction Considerations
    • Privacy Statement
    • Licensing
    • Copyright Terms
  • Reviewer Guideline
  • New Submission
Advanced Search
  1. Home
  2. Archives
  3. Vol. 6 No. 4 (2015): Autumn
  4. Review Article

Vol. 6 No. 4 (2015)

Aban 2015

Clinical Approach of High Technology Techniques for Control and Elimination of Endodontic Microbiota

  • Nasim Chiniforush
  • Maryam Pourhajibagher
  • Sima Shahabi
  • Abbas Bahador

Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 4 (2015), 2 Aban 2015 , Page 139-150
Published: 2015-11-02

  • View Article
  • Download
  • Cite
  • References
  • Statastics
  • Share

Abstract

The main goal in endodontic treatment is to eradicate or at least reduce intraradicular microbial population to levels that are more compatible with periapical lesions healing process. Since endodontic infections are polymicrobial in nature, intraradicular survival of endodontic microbiota and their pathogenic properties are influenced by a combination of their virulence factors. The purpose of this article is to review the endodontic microbiota and their respective virulence attributes, as well as perform a literature review of the effects of disinfection procedures in the treatment of endodontic infections to gain best practices. Conventional technique for root canal preparation includes mechanical debridement and application of antimicrobial irrigants. Recently, laser irradiation has been used to enhance the results of root canal treatment through its thermal effect. To reduce thermal side effects, laser activated irrigation (LAI) and photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) were introduced. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) by photochemical reaction uses light at a specific wavelength to activate a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of oxygen to produce cytotoxic products. Different PSs are used in dentistry including methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue O (TBO), indocyanine green (ICG) and curcumin. Among different options, ICG could be the best choice due to its peak absorption at wavelength of 808 nm, which coincides with the commercial diode laser devices. Also, this wavelength has more penetration depth compared to other wavelengths used in aPDT.

Keywords:
  • Curcumin
  • Indocyanine green
  • Photodynamic therapy.
  • PDF

How to Cite

Chiniforush, N., Pourhajibagher, M., Shahabi, S., & Bahador, A. (2015). Clinical Approach of High Technology Techniques for Control and Elimination of Endodontic Microbiota. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 6(4), 139–150. Retrieved from https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jlms/article/view/10442
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

References

References

Peciuliene V, Maneliene R, Balcikonyte E, Drukteinis S, Rutkunas V. Microorganisms in root canal infections: a review. Stomatologija. 2008;10(1):4-9.

Rôças IN, Siqueira JF. Characterization of microbiota of root canal-treated teeth with posttreatment disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(5):1721-1724. doi:10.1128/ jcm.00531-12

de Paula VA, PinheiroRdos S, de Lima Pedro R, dos Santos KR, Salignac Primo LG, Maia LC. Microorganisms involved in endodontic infection of permanent teeth: a systematic review. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7(18):1819-1826.

Tzanetakis GN, Azcarate-Peril MA, Zachaki S, et al. Comparison of bacterial community composition of primary and persistent endodontic infections using pyrosequencing. J Endod. 2015. pii: S0099- 2399(15)00242-3. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.010

Hong BY, Lee TK, Lim SM, et al. Microbial analysis in primary and persistent endodontic infections by using pyrosequencing. J Endod. 2013;39(9):1136- 1140.

Shang JJ, Yang QB, Zhao HY, Cai S, Zhou Y, Sun Z. Preliminary molecular analysis of bacterial composition in periapical lesions with primary endodontic infections of deciduous teeth. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126(16):3112-3117.

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Diversity of endodontic microbiota revisited. J Dent Res. 2009;88(11):969- 981. doi:10.1177/0022034509346549

Narayanan LL,Vaishnavi C. Endodontic microbiology. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(4):233-239. doi:10.4103/0972-0707.73386

Kumar J, Sharma R, Sharma M, Prabhavathi V, Paul J, Chowdary CD. Presence of Candida albicans in root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis and evaluation of their possible role in failure of endodontic treatment. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(2):42-45.

Latoo S, Shah AA, Ahmad I, Qadir S, Bhagat RK, Lone KA. Endodontic microbiology: review of literature. Int J Clin Cases Investig. 2011;2(6):24-36.

Li H, Chen V, Chen Y, Baumgartner JC, Machida CA. Herpes viruses in endodontic pathoses: association of Epstein-Barr virus with irreversible pulpitis and apical periodontitis. J Endod. 2009;35(1):23-29. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.09.017

Jakovljevic A, Andric M. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in etiopathogenesis of apical periodontitis: a systematic review. J Endod. 2014;40(1):6-15. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.001

Shweta S, Prakash SK. Dental abscess: a microbiological review. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2013;10(5):585-591.

Gomes GB, Sarkis-Onofre R, Bonow ML, Etges A, Jacinto RC. An investigation of the presence of specific anaerobic species in necrotic primary teeth. Braz Oral Res. 2013;27(2):149-155.

Jhajharia K, Parolia A, Shetty KV, Mehta LK. Biofilm in endodontics: a review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(1):1-12. doi:10.4103/2231-0762.151956

Mohammadi Z, Palazzi F, Giardino L, Shalavi S. Microbial biofilms in endodontic infections: an update review. Biomed J. 2013;36(2):59-70. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.110400

Drucker DB, Natsiou I. Microbial ecology of the dental root canal. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2000;12:160-169. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.110400

Mistry K, Sanghvi Z, Parmar G. Endodontic pathogens-revisited. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011;2(3):14-19.

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Bacterial pathogenesis and mediators in apical periodontitis. Braz Dent J. 2007;18(4):267-280. doi:10.1590/s0103- 64402007000400001

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Distinctive features of the microbiota associated with different forms of apical periodontitis.J Oral Microbiol. 2009;10:1-12. doi:10.1590/s0103-64402007000400001

Yang M. Regenerative endodontics: a new treatment modality for pulp regeneration. JSM Dent. 2013;1(2):10-11.

Young GR, Parashos P, Messer HH. The principles of techniques for cleaning root canals. Aust Dent J. 2007;52(1):52-63.

Jena A, Sahoo SK, Govind S. Root canal irrigants: a review of their interactions, benefits, and limitations. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2015;36(4):256-261.

Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Wang Z, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Br Dent J. 2014;216:299-303. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.204

Kovac J, Kovac D. Effect of irrigating solutions in endodontic therapy. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011;112(7):410- 415.

Qian WH, Hong J, Xu PC. Analysis of the possible causes of endodontic treatment failure by inspection during apical microsurgery treatment. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2015;24(2):206-209.

Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod. 2006;32:93-98. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2005.10.049

Al-Nazhan S, Al-Sulaiman A, Al-Rasheed F, Alnajjar F, Al-Abdulwahab B, Al-Badah A. Microorganism penetration in dentinal tubules of instrumented and retreated root canal walls. In vitro SEM study. Restor Dent Endod. 2014;39(4):258-264. doi:10.5395/ rde.2014.39.4.258

Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. Antimicrobial substantivity of root canal irrigants and medicaments: a review. Aust Endod J. 2009;35(3):131-139. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4477.2009.00164.x

Saghiri MA, Delvarani A, Mehrvarzfar P, et al. The impact of pH on cytotoxic effects of three root canal irrigants. Saudi Dent J. 2011;23(3):149-152.

Bosch-Aranda ML, Canalda-Sahli C, Figueiredo R, Gay-Escoda C. Complications following an accidental sodium hypochlorite extrusion: a report of two cases. J Clin Exp Dent. 2012;4(3):e194-e198.

Nadalin MR, Perez DE, Vansan LP, Paschoala C, Souza-Neto MD, Saquy PC. Effectiveness of different final irrigation protocols in removing debris in flattened root canals. Braz Dent J. 2009;20(3):211- 214. doi:10.1590/s0103-64402009000300007

Heling I, Rotstein I, Dinur T, Szwec-Levine Y, Steinberg D. Bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate solutions in vitro. J Endod. 2001;27(4):278-280. doi:10.1097/00004770-200104000-00009

Soares JA, Roque de Carvalho MA, Cunha Santos SM, et al. Effectiveness of chemomechanical preparation with alternating use of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in eliminating intracanal Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Endod. 2010;36(5):894-898. doi:10.1016/j. joen.2010.01.002

Ozdemir HO, Buzoglu HD, Calt S, Stabholz A, Steinberg D. Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium hypochlorite irrigation on Enterococcus faecalisbiofilm colonization in young and old human root canal dentin: in vitro study. J Endod. 2010;36(5):842-846.

Iqbal A. Antimicrobial irrigants in the endodontic therapy. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2012; 6(2):186-192.

Singla MG, Garg A, Gupta S. MTAD in endodontics: an update review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(3):70-76. doi:10.1016/j. tripleo.2011.02.015

Balto HA, Shakoor ZA, Kanfar MA. Combined effect of a mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent, and Nisin against Enterococcus faecalis and Actinomycesviscosus biofilms. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(2):211-215. doi:10.15537/smj.2015.2.9947

Cauwerts K, Decostere A, De Graef EM, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F. High prevalence of tetracycline resistance in Enterococcus isolates from broilers carrying the erm(B) gene. Avian Pathol. 2007;36(5):395-399. doi:10.1080/03079450701589167

Tong Z, Zhou L, Li J, Jiang W, Ma L, Ni L. In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activities of MTAD in combination with Nisin against Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2011;37:1116-1120. doi:10.1016/j. joen.2011.03.020

Bahador A, Pourakbari B, Bolhari B, Hashemi FB. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of nanosilver-mineral trioxide aggregate against frequent anaerobic oral pathogens by a membrane-enclosed immersion test. Biomed J. 2015;38(1):77-83.

Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, Walsh LJ. The use of calcium hydroxide, antibiotics and biocides as antimicrobial medicaments in endodontics. Aust Dent J. 2007;52:S64-S82. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007. tb00527.x

Naenni N, Thoma K, Zehnder M. Soft tissue dissolution capacity of currently used and potential endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 2004;30:785-787. doi:10.1097/00004770-200411000-00009

Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod. 2006;32:93-98. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2005.10.049

Huffaker SK, Safavi K, Spangberg LS, Kaufman B. Influence of a passive sonic irrigation system on the elimination of bacteria from root canal systems: a clinical study. J Endod. 2010;36(8):1315-1318. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.024

Mohammadi Z. Laser applications in endodontics: an update review. Int Dent J. 2009;59(1):35-46.

Meire MA, Coenye T, Nelis HJ, De Moor RJ. In vitro inactivation of endodontic pathogens with Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(4):695- 701. doi:10.1007/s10103-011-0940-z

Vaarkamp J, ten Bosch JJ, Verdonschot EH. Propagation of light through human dental enamel and dentine. Caries Res. 1995;29(1):8-13. doi:10.1159/000262033

da Costa Ribeiro A, Nogueira GE, Antoniazzi JH, Moritz A, Zezell DM. Effects of diode laser (810 nm) irradiation on root canal walls: thermographic and morphological studies. J Endod. 2007;33(3):252-255. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2006.09.002

Kaiwar A, Usha HL, Meena N, Ashwini P, Murthy CS. The efficiency of root canal disinfection using a diode laser: in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24(1):14- 18. doi:10.4103/0970-9290.114916

Bago I, Plečko V, GabrićPandurić D, Schauperl Z, Baraba A, Anić I. Antimicrobial efficacy of a high-power diode laser, photo-activated disinfection, conventional and sonic activated irrigation during root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2013;46(4):339- 347. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02120.x

Meire MA, De Prijck K, Coenye T, Nelis HJ, De Moor RJ. Effectiveness of different laser systems to kill Enterococcus faecalis in aqueous suspension and in an infected tooth model. Int Endod J. 2009;42(4):351- 359. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01532.x

Kreisler M, Kohnen W, Beck M, et al. Efficacy of NaOCI/H2O2 irrigation and GaAlAs laser in decontamination of root canals in vitro. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;32:189-196. doi:10.1002/lsm.10148

Pozza DH, Fregapani PW, Xavier CB, Weber JB, Oliveira MG. CO(2), Er: YAG and Nd:YAG lasers in endodontic surgery. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(6):596- 599. doi:10.1590/s1678-77572009000600011

Benedicenti S, Cassanelli C, Signore A, Ravera G, Angiero F. Decontamination of root canals with the gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2008;26:367-370.

Jafari A, Shahabi S, Chiniforush N, Shariat A. Comparison of the shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer to enamel in bur-prepared or lased teeth (Er:YAG). J Dent (Tehran). 2013;10(2):119- 123.

George R, Meyers IA, Walsh LJ. Laser activation of endodontic irrigants with improved conical laser fiber tips for removing smear layer in the apical third of the root canal. J Endod.2008;34(12):1524 -1527.

de Groot SD, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Wu M-K, Wesselink PR, van der Sluis LW. Laser-activated irrigation within root canals: Cleaning efficacy and flow visualization. Int Endod J. 2009;42(12):1077- 1083. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01634.x

Peters OA, Bardsley S, Fong J, Pandher G, DiVito E. Disinfection of root canals with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming. J Endod. 2011;37(7):1008- 1012. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.03.016

60. DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi G. Effectiveness of the erbium:YAG laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(2):273-280.

DiVito EE, Colonna MP, Olivi G. The photoacoustic efficacy of an Er:YAG laser with radial and stripped tips on root canal dentin walls: an SEM evaluation. J Laser Dent. 2011;19(1):156-161.

Pedullà E, Genovese C, Campagna E, Tempera G, Rapisarda E. Decontamination efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) of irrigants using low-energy laser settings: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J. 2012;45(9):865-870.

Soukos NS, Goodson JM. Photodynamic therapy in the control of oral biofilms. Periodontol. 2000. 2011;55(1):143-166. doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0757.2010.00346.x

Parker S. The use of diffuse laser photonic energy and indocyanine green photosensitizer as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Br Dent J. 2013; 215(4):167-171. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.790

Rajesh S, Koshi E, Philip K, Mohan A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An overview. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(4):323-327.

Konopka K, Goslinski T. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry. J Dent Res. 2007;86(8):694-707. doi:10.1177/154405910708600803

Seghatchian J, Struff WG, Reichenberg S. Main Properties of the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma System for Pathogen Reduction. Transfus Med Hemother. 2011;38(1):55-64. doi:10.1159/000323786

Sridharan G, Shankar AA. Toluidine blue: a review of its chemistry and clinical utility. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2012;16(2):251-255. doi:10.4103/0973- 029x.99081

Nikaido H. Molecular Basis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Revisited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2003;67(4):593-656.

Wainwright M, Giddens RM. Phenothiazinium photosensitisers: choices in synthesis and application. Dyes Pigm. 2003;57:245-257. doi:10.1016/s0143- 7208(03)00021-4

Ilanchelian M, Ramaraj R. Binding In teractions of Toluidine Blue O with Escherichia coli DNA: Formation of Bridged Structure. J Fluoresc. 2011;21:1439-1453. doi:10.1007/s10895-010-0829-4

Prento P. A contribution to the theory of biological staining based on the principles for structural organization of biological macromolecules. Biotech Histochem. 2001;76:137-161. doi:10.1080/ bih.76.3.137.161

Fekrazad R, Khoei F, Hakimiha N, Bahador A. Photoelimination of Streptococcus mutans with two methods of photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10(4):626-631.

George S, Hamblin MR, Kishen A. Uptake pathways of anionic and cationic photosensitizers into bacteria. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2009;8(6):788-795.

Crivello JV, Bulut U. Curcumin: a naturally occurring long-wavelength photosensitizer for diaryliodonium salts. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2005;43(21):5217- 5231. doi:10.1002/pola.21017

Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:1-75. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1

Dovigo LN, Pavarina AC, Ribeiro AP, et al. Investigation of the photodynamic effects of curcumin against Candida albicans. Photochem Photobiol. 2011;87(4):895-903. doi:10.1111/j.1751- 1097.2011.00937.x

Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of curcumin in biofilms and carious dentine. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(2):629-635. doi:10.1007/s10103-013-1369-3

Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Phenothiazinium antimicrobial photosensitizers are substrates of bacterial multidrug resistance pumps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(1):196-203. doi:10.1128/ aac.50.1.196-203.2006

Salva KA. Photodynamic therapy: unapproved uses, dosages or indications. Clin Dermatol. 2002;20(5):571- 581. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(02)00266-3

Biel MA. Photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2002;4:87-96.

Grant WE, Hopper C, Speight PM, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy, an effective, but non selective treatment for superficial cancers of the oral cavity. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:937-942.

Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, et al. Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Periodontol. 2000. 2009;51:109-140. doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0757.2009.00302.x

Ochsner M. Photodynamic therapy in squamous cell carcinoma. J Photochem Photobial B. 2001;52:42-48.

Sharman WM, Allen CM, Van Lier JE. Photodynamic therapeutics: Basic principles and clinical applications. Drug Discov Today. 1999;4(11):507-517.

Moan J, Berg K. The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol B. 1991;53:549-553.

Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:405. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405

Ochsner M. Photophysical and Photobiological processes in the photodynamic therapy of tumors. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997;39(1):1-18. doi:10.1016/ s1011-1344(96)07428-3

Kishen A, Shi Z, Shrestha A, Neoh KG. An investigation on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of cationic nanoparticulates for root canal disinfection. J Endod. 2008;34(12):1515-1520. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.035

Xiu-jun Fu, Yong Fang, Min Yao. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusinfection. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:159157. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405

Oleinick NL, Morris RL, Belichenko I. The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1(1):1-21. doi:/10.1039/b108586g

Kharkwal GB, Sharma SK, Huang YY, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for infections: clinical applications. Lasers Surg Med. 2011;43(7):755-767.

Minnock A, Vernon DI, Schofield J, Griffiths J, Parish JH, Brown SB. Mechanism of uptake of a cationic water-soluble pyridinium zinc phthalocyanine across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44(3):522-527. doi:10.1128/ aac.44.3.522-527.2000

de Melo WC, Avci P, de Oliveira MN, et al. Photodynamic inactivation of biofilm: taking a lightly colored approach to stubborn infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(7):669-693. doi:10.1586/14 787210.2013.811861

Chrepa V, Kotsakis GA, Pagonis TC, Hargreaves KM. The effect of photodynamic therapy in root canal disinfection: a systematic review. J Endod. 2014;40:891-898. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.005

Gursoy H, Ozcakir-Tomruk C, Tanalp J, Yilmaz S. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1113-1125.

Paiva SS, Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, et al. Clinical antimicrobial efficacy of NiTi rotary instrumentation with NaOCl irrigation, final rinse with chlorhexidine and interappointment medication: a molecular study. Int Endod J. 2013;46(3):225-233. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2591.2012.02111.x

Neelakantan P, Cheng CQ, Mohanraj R, Sriraman P, Subbarao C, Sharma S. Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro. Int Endod J. 2015;48(6):602-610. doi:10.1111/iej.12354

Moslemi N, Soleiman-Zadeh Azar P, Bahador A, et al. Inactivation of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by two different modalities of photodynamic therapy using Toluidine blue O or Radachlorin as photosensitizers: an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(1):89-94. doi:10.1007/ s10103-014-1621-5

George S, Kishen A. Photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological characterization of methylene blue formulations for light-activated root canal disinfection. J Biomed Opt. 2007;12(3):034029. doi:10.1117/1.2745982

Bouilaguet S, Wataha JC, Zapata O, Campo M, Lange N, Schrenzel J. Production of reactive oxygen species from photosensitizers activated with visible light sources available in dental offices. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(4):519-525. doi:10.1016/j. pdpdt.2014.04.003

Silva TC, Pereira AF, Buzalaf MA. Diverse outcomes of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on five Enterococcus faecalis strains. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014;11:283-289. doi:10.1016/j. pdpdt.2014.04.003

Bonsor SJ, Nichol R, Reid TM, Pearson GJ. An alternative regimen for root canal disinfection. Br Dent J. 2006 22;201(2):101-105. doi:10.1038/ sj.bdj.4813819

Siddiqui SH, Awan KH, Javed F. Bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals: a systematic literature review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2013;10(4):632-643.

Tennert C, Drews AM, Walther V, et al. Ultrasonic activation and chemical modification of photosensitizers enhances the effects of photodynamic therapy against Enterococcus faecalis root-canal isolates. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(2):244-251. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.02.002

  • Abstract Viewed: 1622 times
  • PDF Downloaded: 759 times

Download Statastics

  • Linkedin
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Google Plus
  • Telegram

Make a Submission

Make a Submission

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Developed By

Open Journal Systems
  • Home
  • Archives
  • Submissions
  • About the Journal
  • Editorial Team
  • Contact

Iranian Medical Laser Association 

                                        

 

This journal is distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC 4.0.
Design and publishing by SBMU journals. All credits and honors to PKP for their OJS. 

Powered by OJSPlus