Probiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Review on Mechanistic, Diagnostic, and Laboratory Perspectives Probiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Review on Mechanistic, Diagnostic, and Laboratory Perspectives
Archives of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025),
30 April 2025
https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v11.48797
Abstract
Introduction/Background: Inflammatory diseases are among the most common chronic health conditions and are frequently linked to microbial dysbiosis and immune system dysfunction. Although corticosteroids remain a standard therapeutic option, their long-term use is associated with serious adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Probiotics, live beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. They can restore gut microbial balance, enhance epithelial barrier function, and modulate host immune responses through pathways involving cytokine regulation and short-chain fatty acid production.
Purpose/Objectives: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms through which probiotics mitigate inflammation, with particular attention to their role in modulating mucosal immunity, suppressing pro-inflammatory signaling, and enhancing intestinal integrity.
Findings: Clinical studies support the use of probiotics in managing a variety of inflammation-related conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), respiratory tract infections, allergic responses, metabolic disorders, and neuroinflammation. However, strain specificity, formulation challenges, and host-related factors continue to influence clinical outcomes.
Conclusion: Overall, probiotics represent a promising, biologically based approach for managing inflammation and improving patient outcomes across a broad spectrum of chronic diseases. In addition, advanced diagnostic and laboratory techniques play a crucial role in elucidating the molecular and functional impacts of probiotics, enabling precise evaluation of their efficacy, strain-specific effects, and mechanisms of action in both experimental and clinical settings. Future research should focus on identifying the most effective probiotic strains, understanding host–microbe interactions, and conducting long-term studies to establish safety and efficacy.
*Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Ahangari; Email: f_ahangari@pasteur.ac.ir, fatemehh.ahangari@gmail.com; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-6603
Please cite this article as: Haghighi M, Haghighi F, Hajiloo Z, Ahangari F. Probiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Review on Mechanistic, Diagnostic, and Laboratory Perspectives. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2025;11:1-15 (e3). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v9.48797
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory Diseases
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs)
- Immune Modulation
- Gut Microbiota
- Mechanism of Action
- Biomarkers
- Microbiome
- Therapeutic Strategy
How to Cite
References
1. Medzhitov R. Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame. Cell. 2010;140(6):771-6.
2. Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen O, Andersen P, Girardin S. Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1β generation. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 2007;147(2):227-35.
3. Nathan C, Ding A. Nonresolving inflammation. Cell. 2010;140(6):871-82.
4. Cario E, Podolsky DK. Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease. Infection and immunity. 2000;68(12):7010-7.
5. Strober W, Fuss I, Mannon P. The fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel disease. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2007;117(3):514-21.
6. Nelson PT, Soma LA, Lavi E. Microglia in diseases of the central nervous system. Annals of medicine. 2002;34(7):491-500.
7. Manohar M, Verma AK, Venkateshaiah SU, Sanders NL, Mishra A. Pathogenic mechanisms of pancreatitis. World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics. 2017;8(1):10.
8. Leitch A, Duffin R, Haslett C, Rossi A. Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa. Mucosal immunology. 2008;1(5):350-63.
9. Wong J, Magun BE, Wood LJ. Lung inflammation caused by inhaled toxicants: a review. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2016:1391-401.
10. Ernandez T, Mayadas TN. The changing landscape of renal inflammation. Trends in molecular medicine. 2016;22(2):151-63.
11. Sanz AB, Sanchez-Nino MD, Ramos AM, Moreno JA, Santamaria B, Ruiz-Ortega M, et al. NF-κB in renal inflammation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2010;21(8):1254-62.
12. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation. 1990;81(4):1161-72.
13. Opie LH, Commerford PJ, Gersh BJ, Pfeffer MA. Controversies in ventricular remodelling. The Lancet. 2006;367(9507):356-67.
14. Donath MY, Schumann DM, Faulenbach M, Ellingsgaard H, Perren A, Ehses JA. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from metabolic stress to therapy. Diabetes care. 2008;31(Supplement_2):S161-S4.
15. Esser N, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J, Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2014;105(2):141-50.
16. PJ B. How do corticosteroids work in asthma? Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:359-70.
17. Adcock IM. Glucocorticoids: new mechanisms and future agents. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 2003;3(3):249-57.
18. Adcock IM, Lane S. Corticosteroid-insensitive asthma: molecular mechanisms. Journal of Endocrinology. 2003;178(3):347-55.
19. Schäcke H, Döcke W-D, Asadullah K. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2002;96(1):23-43.
20. López AR, Barberis M. Metabolic modeling for probiotic and prebiotic production to treat inflammatory disorders. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024;502:157852.
21. Robles-Alonso V, Guarner F. Progreso en el conocimiento de la microbiota intestinal humana. Nutricion hospitalaria. 2013;28(3):553-7.
22. Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. The Journal of physiology. 2017;595(2):489-503.
23. Mori G, Morrison M, Blumenthal A. Microbiome-immune interactions in tuberculosis. PLoS pathogens. 2021;17(4):e1009377.
24. Santacroce L, Charitos IA, Bottalico L. A successful history: probiotics and their potential as antimicrobials. Expert review of anti-infective therapy. 2019;17(8):635-45.
25. Harsh B, Sangita J. Role of Probiotics in Human Health. Cureus. 2022;14(11).
26. Fijan S. Probiotics and their antimicrobial effect. MDPI; 2023. p. 528.
27. Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Miniello VL, Barone M, Francavilla R. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body. Frontiers in immunology. 2021;12:578386.
28. Rwubuzizi R, Kim H, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Beneficial, safety, and antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria: A next step in their evaluation as potential probiotics. Heliyon. 2023;9(4).
29. Kora AJ. Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of diarrheal disease. Probiotics in the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases. 2022:107-15.
30. Singh S, Singh M, Gaur S. Probiotics as multifaceted oral vaccines against colon cancer: A review. Frontiers in immunology. 2022;13:1002674.
31. Yadav MK, Kumari I, Singh B, Sharma KK, Tiwari SK. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Safe options for next-generation therapeutics. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2022;106(2):505-21.
32. Chen Y, Cui W, Li X, Yang H. Interaction between commensal bacteria, immune response and the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:761981.
33. Dong Y, Li M, Yue X. Current research on probiotics and fermented products. Foods. 2024;13(9):1406.
34. Aspri M, Papademas P, Tsaltas D. Review on non-dairy probiotics and their use in non-dairy based products. Fermentation. 2020;6(1):30.
35. La Fata G, Weber P, Mohajeri MH. Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. 2018;10:11-21.
36. Li M, Ding J, Stanton C, Ross RP, Zhao J, Yang B, Chen W. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis FJSYZ1M3 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining the intestinal barrier, regulating inflammatory cytokines, and modifying gut microbiota. Food & Function. 2023;14(1):354-68.
37. Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Brummer R-J, Cani PD, Mercenier A, MacDonald TT, et al. Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function? British Journal of Nutrition. 2017;117(1):93-107.
38. Zhang Y, Xu Y, Hu L, Wang X. Advancements related to probiotics for preventing and treating recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2025;13:1508613.
39. Prajapati K, Bisani K, Prajapati H, Prajapati S, Agrawal D, Singh S, et al. Advances in probiotics research: mechanisms of action, health benefits, and limitations in applications. Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing. 2024;4(2):386-406.
40. Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Advances in nutrition. 2019;10:S49-S66.
41. Darbandi A, Asadi A, Mahdizade Ari M, Ohadi E, Talebi M, Halaj Zadeh M, et al. Bacteriocins: properties and potential use as antimicrobials. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2022;36(1):e24093.
42. Mokoena MP. Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: classification, biosynthesis and applications against uropathogens: a mini-review. Molecules. 2017;22(8):1255.
43. Das TK, Pradhan S, Chakrabarti S, Mondal KC, Ghosh K. Current status of probiotic and related health benefits. Applied Food Research. 2022;2(2):100185.
44. Hesla HM, Stenius F, Jäderlund L, Nelson R, Engstrand L, Alm J, Dicksved J. Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers–the ALADDIN birth cohort. FEMS microbiology ecology. 2014;90(3):791-801.
45. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies. Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract and defence against pathogenic microorganisms. EFSA Journal. 2016;14(1):4369.
46. Martı́n Ro, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiménez E, Marı́n MaL, Olivares M, et al. The commensal microflora of human milk: new perspectives for food bacteriotherapy and probiotics. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2004;15(3-4):121-7.
47. Szajewska H. What are the indications for using probiotics in children? Archives of disease in childhood. 2016;101(4):398-403.
48. Olivares M, Díaz-Ropero MP, Gómez N, Lara-Villoslada F, Sierra S, Maldonado JA, et al. Oral administration of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711, enhances the intestinal function of healthy adults. International journal of food microbiology. 2006;107(2):104-11.
49. McGuire MK, McGuire MA. Human milk: mother nature's prototypical probiotic food? Advances in nutrition. 2015;6(1):112-23.
50. Iqbal Z, Ahmed S, Tabassum N, Bhattacharya R, Bose D. Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of enteric infections: A comprehensive review. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(5):242.
51. Cai R, Cheng C, Chen J, Xu X, Ding C, Gu B. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the mucus layer in the colon. Gut microbes. 2020;11(4):680-90.
52. Azad MAK, Sarker M, Wan D. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on cytokine profiles. BioMed research international. 2018;2018(1):8063647.
53. Plaza-Díaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Vilchez-Padial LM, Gil A. Evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics and synbiotics in intestinal chronic diseases. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):555.
54. Wang J, Ji H, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang Y. Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota. Frontiers in microbiology. 2018;9:1953.
55. Ríos-Covián D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, De Los Reyes-gavilán CG, Salazar N. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Frontiers in microbiology. 2016;7:185.
56. Flach J, Van Der Waal M, Kardinaal A, Schloesser J, Ruijschop R, Claassen E. Probiotic research priorities for the healthy adult population: A review on the health benefits of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2018;4(1):1452839.
57. Bunyavanich S, Shen N, Grishin A, Wood R, Burks W, Dawson P, et al. Early-life gut microbiome composition and milk allergy resolution. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016;138(4):1122-30.
58. Ghavami SB, Yadegar A, Aghdaei HA, Sorrentino D, Farmani M, Mir AS, et al. Immunomodulation and generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells by probiotic bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(17):6266.
59. Wendel U. Assessing viability and stress tolerance of probiotics—a review. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;12:818468.
60. Zhao Z, Xu S, Zhang W, Wu D, Yang G. Probiotic Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 for inflammatory bowel disease applications. Food & Function. 2022;13(11):5914-24.
61. Mandel DR, Eichas K, Holmes J. Bacillus coagulans: a viable adjunct therapy for relieving symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis according to a randomized, controlled trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2010;10:1-7.
62. Aziz N, Bonavida B. Activation of natural killer cells by probiotics. Onco Therapeutics. 2016;7(1-2).
63. Raghuwanshi S, Misra S, Sharma R, Bisen P. Probiotics: nutritional therapeutic tool. J Probiotics Health. 2018;6:194.
64. Kim G-H, Shim J-O. Gut microbiota affects brain development and behavior. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2022;66(7):274.
65. Tillisch K, Labus J, Kilpatrick L, Jiang Z, Stains J, Ebrat B, et al. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):1394-401. e4.
66. Molska M, Reguła J. Potential mechanisms of probiotics action in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2453.
67. Bingöl FG, Ağagündüz D, Budán F. Probiotic Bacterium-Derived p40, p75, and HM0539 Proteins as Novel Postbiotics and Gut-Associated Immune System (GAIS) Modulation: Postbiotic-Gut-Health Axis. Microorganisms. 2024;13(1):23.
68. Kim D-H, Jin Y-H. Intestinal bacterial β-glucuronidase activity of patients with colon cancer. Archives of pharmacal research. 2001;24:564-7.
69. Pavlović N, Stankov K, Mikov M. Probiotics—interactions with bile acids and impact on cholesterol metabolism. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2012;168:1880-95.
70. Kumar R, Grover S, Batish VK. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of dietary inclusion of two putative probiotic bile salt hydrolase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum strains in Sprague–Dawley rats. British Journal of Nutrition. 2011;105(4):561-73.
71. Ye Q, Lao L, Zhang A, Qin Y, Zong M, Pan D, et al. Multifunctional properties of the transmembrane LPxTG-motif protein derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri SH-23. Journal of Dairy Science. 2023;106(12):8207-20.
72. Yan F, Cao H, Cover TL, Washington MK, Shi Y, Liu L, et al. Colon-specific delivery of a probiotic-derived soluble protein ameliorates intestinal inflammation in mice through an EGFR-dependent mechanism. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2011;121(6):2242-53.
73. Chen M, Feng Y, Liu W. Efficacy and safety of probiotics in the induction and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021;10(11):118211829-.
74. Muller L, Lorentz A. Probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in adulthood: a systematic review. 2022.
75. Xu M, Zhang W, Lin B, Lei Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy of probiotic supplementation and impact on fecal microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews. 2025;83(2):e65-e73.
76. Stavropoulou E, Bezirtzoglou E. Probiotics in medicine: a long debate. Frontiers in immunology. 2020;11:2192.
77. Lopez-Santamarina A, Gonzalez EG, Lamas A, Mondragon AdC, Regal P, Miranda JM. Probiotics as a possible strategy for the prevention and treatment of allergies. A narrative review. Foods. 2021;10(4):701.
78. Mazziotta C, Tognon M, Martini F, Torreggiani E, Rotondo JC. Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells. 2023;12(1):184.
79. Lamichhane P, Maiolini M, Alnafoosi O, Hussein S, Alnafoosi H, Umbela S, et al. Colorectal cancer and probiotics: are bugs really drugs? Cancers. 2020;12(5):1162.
80. Laursen RP, Hojsak I. Probiotics for respiratory tract infections in children attending day care centers—a systematic review. European journal of pediatrics. 2018;177:979-94.
81. Russo L, Danza M, Basile I, Soardo S, Capocasale G, Paparone S, et al. Use of a probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Enterococcus faecium L3 as prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of acute gastroenteritis and upper respiratory tract infections in children. Minerva Pediatrics. 2020;73(3):222-9.
82. Andaloro C, Santagati M, Stefani S, La Mantia I. Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a oral spray for children with recurrent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2019;276:879-87.
83. Peng X, Li Z, Pei Y, Zheng S, Liu J, Wang J, et al. Streptococcus salivarius K12 alleviates oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for malignant head and neck tumors: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2024;42(12):1426-35.
84. Roszczenko-Jasińska P, Wojtyś MI, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the post-antibiotics era—searching for new drug targets. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020;104(23):9891-905.
85. Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R, López-Vázquez A, Suárez-García FM, Solano-Jaurrieta JJ, Baltar J, López-Larrea C. Relationship between functional ability in older people, immune system status, and intensity of response to CMV. Age. 2012;34:479-95.
86. Hadrup SR, Strindhall J, Køllgaard T, Seremet T, Johansson B, Pawelec G, Wikby A. Longitudinal studies of clonally expanded CD8 T cells reveal a repertoire shrinkage predicting mortality and an increased number of dysfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the very elderly. The Journal of Immunology. 2006;176(4):2645-53.
87. Riha P, Rudd CE. CD28 co‐signaling in the adaptive immune response. Self/nonself. 2010;1(3):231-40.
88. Moro-García M, Alonso-Arias R, Baltadjieva M, Benitez C, Barrial M, Ruisanchez E, et al. Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus 8481 enhances systemic immunity in elderly subjects. Age (Dordr) 35: 1311-1326. 2013.
89. Ferrucci L, Corsi A, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Taub DD, et al. The origins of age-related proinflammatory state. Blood. 2005;105(6):2294-9.
90. Kim C-S, Cha J, Sim M, Jung S, Chun WY, Baik HW, Shin D-M. Probiotic supplementation improves cognitive function and mood with changes in gut microbiota in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. 2021;76(1):32-40.
91. Kadam O, Dalai S, Chauhan B, Guru RR, Mitra S, Raytekar N, et al. Nanobiotechnology Unveils the Power of Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review on the Synergistic Role of Probiotics and Advanced Nanotechnology in Enhancing Geriatric Health. Cureus. 2025;17(3).
92. Zhang L, Zeng X, Guo D, Zou Y, Gan H, Huang X. Early use of probiotics might prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in elderly (> 65 years): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC geriatrics. 2022;22(1):562.
93. Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Jodat V, Sahebi J, Ataei A. Effect of Eudragit S100 nanoparticles and alginate chitosan encapsulation on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. AMB express. 2017;7:1-8.
94. Atraki R, Azizkhani M. Survival of probiotic bacteria nanoencapsulated within biopolymers in a simulated gastrointestinal model. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2021;72:102750.
95. Alkushi AG, Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Eldoumani H, Elazab ST, Mohamed SA, Metwally AS, et al. Probiotics-loaded nanoparticles attenuated colon inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colitis. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):5116.
96. Kim JJ, Shajib MS, Manocha MM, Khan WI. Investigating intestinal inflammation in DSS-induced model of IBD. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE. 2012(60):3678.
97. Akiyama S, Nesumi A, Maeda‐Yamamoto M, Uehara M, Murakami A. Effects of anthocyanin‐rich tea “Sunrouge” on dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis in mice. BioFactors. 2012;38(3):226-33.
98. Zhang H-z, Li X-m, Gao F-p, Liu L-r, Zhou Z-m, Zhang Q-q. Preparation of folate-modified pullulan acetate nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Drug delivery. 2010;17(1):48-57.
99. Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nature biotechnology. 2015;33(9):941-51.
100. Alkushi AG, Elazab ST, Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Mahfouz H, Salem GA, Sheraiba NI, et al. Multi-strain-probiotic-loaded nanoparticles reduced colon inflammation and orchestrated the expressions of tight junction, NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 genes in DSS-induced colitis model. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(6):1183.
101. Huang H-L, Lai C-H, Tsai W-H, Chen K-W, Peng S-L, Lin J-H, Lin Y-H. Nanoparticle-enhanced postbiotics: Revolutionizing cancer therapy through effective delivery. Life Sciences. 2024;337:122379.
102. Lu Y, Wu Y, Pan L, Wang J, Tang R, Deng F, et al. In Vitro Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria with RAW264.7 Macrophages and the Immunoregulatory Mechanism. Processes [Internet]. 2024; 12(5).
103. Shi J, Li H, Liang S, Evivie SE, Huo G, Li B, Liu F. Selected lactobacilli strains inhibit inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages by suppressing the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs activation. Food Science and Technology. 2022;42.
104. Wang S, Nie Z, Zhu L, Wu Y, Wen Y, Deng F, Zhao L. Probiotic Characteristics and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z22 Isolated from Naturally Fermented Vegetables. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2024; 12(11).
105. Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang C, Chi H, Liu C, Li A, Yu W. Postbiotics derived from Lactobacillus plantarum 1.0386 ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced tight junction injury via MicroRNA-200c-3p mediated activation of the MLCK-MLC pathway in Caco-2 cells. Food & Function. 2022;13(21):11008-20.
106. Liao J, Huang J, Li X, Kuang J, Li J, Wang W, Li J. Disclosing the benefits of multi-strain compounds and their health impact mechanisms utilizing intestinal biomimetic technology. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;Volume 16 - 2025.
107. Xu Y, Wang Y, Song T, Li X, Zhou H, Chaibou OZ, et al. Immune-enhancing effect of Weizmannia coagulans BCG44 and its supernatant on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice and RAW264.7 cells via the modulation of the gut microbiota. Food & Function. 2024;15(21):10679-97.
108. Abbaszadeh S, Yousefi M, Arefhosseini S, Mahmoodpoor A, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The Effect of Seven-Strain Probiotic Supplementation on Th17 and Treg in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Admitted to ICU: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial2024.
109. Ren J, He F, Yu D, Xu H, Li N, Cao Z, Wen J. 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing of Gut Microbiota Affected by Four Probiotic Strains in Mice. Veterinary Sciences [Internet]. 2023; 10(4).
110. Samara J, Moossavi S, Alshaikh B, Ortega VA, Pettersen VK, Ferdous T, et al. Supplementation with a probiotic mixture accelerates gut microbiome maturation and reduces intestinal inflammation in extremely preterm infants. Cell Host & Microbe. 2022;30(5):696-711.e5.
111. Calvigioni M, Bertolini A, Codini S, Mazzantini D, Panattoni A, Massimino M, et al. HPLC-MS-MS quantification of short-chain fatty acids actively secreted by probiotic strains. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023;Volume 14 - 2023.
112. Ramos-Garcia V, Ten-Doménech I, Moreno-Giménez A, Campos-Berga L, Parra-Llorca A, Solaz-García Á, et al. GC-MS analysis of short chain fatty acids and branched chain amino acids in urine and faeces samples from newborns and lactating mothers. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2022;532:172-80.
113. Lao J, Chen M, Yan S, Gong H, Wen Z, Yong Y, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus G7 alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating the intestinal microbiota. BMC Microbiology. 2025;25(1):168.
114. Jia D, Li Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Liu J, Zhao S, et al. Probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ZW3 Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis and Enhances Gut Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2024; 25(1).
115. Ahn K, Baek K-W, Yun K, Oh Y, Kim YS, Im E, et al. The effects of candidate probiotic strains on the gut environment in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):21103.
116. Kwoji ID, Aiyegoro OA, Okpeku M, Adeleke MA. ‘Multi-omics’ data integration: applications in probiotics studies. npj Science of Food. 2023;7(1):25.
117. Qin M, Ma C, Wang Z, Liang M, Sha Y, Liu J, et al. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals That Probiotics and Tea Polyphenols Synergetically Regulate Lipid Metabolism in Laying Hens. Agriculture [Internet]. 2024; 14(11).
118. Chen M, Wang Z, He H, He W, Zhang Z, Sun S, Wang W. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of Different Probiotics on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Salmo trutta (S. trutta). Microorganisms [Internet]. 2024; 12(7).
119. Arabiyat SA. Prospectus and Concerns of Immunomodulatory Nanotechnologies and Nanoparticles Biocompatibility and Toxicity. Nanotechnology Based Microbicides and Immune Stimulators: Springer; 2025. p. 165-89.
120. Wolfram J, Zhu M, Yang Y, Shen J, Gentile E, Paolino D, et al. Safety of nanoparticles in medicine. Current drug targets. 2015;16(14):1671-81.
121. Zhao Y, Xing G, Chai Z. Are carbon nanotubes safe? Nature nanotechnology. 2008;3(4):191-2.
122. Jia G, Wang H, Yan L, Wang X, Pei R, Yan T, et al. Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environmental science & technology. 2005;39(5):1378-83.
123. Donaldson K, Murphy FA, Duffin R, Poland CA. Asbestos, carbon nanotubes and the pleural mesothelium: a review of the hypothesis regarding the role of long fibre retention in the parietal pleura, inflammation and mesothelioma. Particle and fibre toxicology. 2010;7(1):5.
124. Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WA, Seaton A, et al. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nature nanotechnology. 2008;3(7):423-8.
125. Wang B, Yin J-J, Zhou X, Kurash I, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Feng W. Physicochemical origin for free radical generation of iron oxide nanoparticles in biomicroenvironment: catalytic activities mediated by surface chemical states. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2013;117(1):383-92.
126. Iversen T-G, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanoparticles: Present knowledge and need for future studies. Nano today. 2011;6(2):176-85.
127. Ma X, Wu Y, Jin S, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, et al. Gold nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment. ACS nano. 2011;5(11):8629-39.
128. Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems: a review of the implication of nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties on responses in biological systems. Polymers. 2023;15(7):1596.
129. Yan L, Zhao F, Li S, Hu Z, Zhao Y. Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and graphenes. Nanoscale. 2011;3(2):362-82.
130. Gao J, Zong X, Yue X, Wang M, Lin L, Jin C, et al. Exploring the Properties of Silica Nanomaterials on Supporting Bimetallic PtZn Sites for Direct Propane Dehydrogenation. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2024;7(7):7018-27.
131. Liang D, Liu C, Li J, Li Y, Li J, Tan M, Su W. Engineering probiotics-derived membrane vesicles for encapsulating fucoxanthin: evaluation of stability, bioavailability, and biosafety. Food & Function. 2023;14(8):3475-87.
132. Çanga EM, Dudak FC. Improved digestive stability of probiotics encapsulated within poly (vinyl alcohol)/cellulose acetate hybrid fibers. Carbohydrate polymers. 2021;264:117990.
133. Ye N, Zhao P, Ayue S, Qi S, Ye Y, He H, et al. Folic acid-modified lactoferrin nanoparticles coated with a laminarin layer loaded curcumin with dual-targeting for ulcerative colitis treatment. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023;232:123229.
134. Breisch ST, Zemlan FP, Hoebel BG. Hyperphagia and obesity following serotonin depletion by intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine. Science. 1976;192(4237):382-5.
135. Chen A, Gong Y, Wu S, Du Y, Liu Z, Jiang Y, et al. Navigating a challenging path: precision disease treatment with tailored oral nano-armor-probiotics. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2025;23(1):72.
- Abstract Viewed: 140 times
- PDF Downloaded: 223 times