Nano-Formulated Apelin13 Reduces Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Suppressing Activity of TLR4/MyD88/NF-кB Axis and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines; an Experimental Study
学术急诊医学档案,
卷 14 编号 1 (2026),
1 十月 2025
,
第 e29 页
https://doi.org/10.22037/aaem.v14i1.2941
摘要
Introduction: Nanocarrier-mediated delivery represents a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents. This study investigated whether encapsulating the endogenous peptide apelin-13 in niosomes (Nano-Apelin13) could improve its protective effects against ischemic stroke injury in rats.
Methods. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24-hour reperfusion. Sixty rats were randomly allocated into five experimental groups: Sham, CI/R (ischemia/reperfusion), CI/R + empty niosomes, CI/R + free Apelin13, and CI/R + Nano-Apelin13. Free Apelin13 and Nano-Apelin13 (40 µg/kg) were administered intravenously 1 hour after reperfusion onset. After 24 hours, cerebral infarction size, neurological deficit scores, brain water content, and neuronal damage were evaluated. Protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β were analyzed by western blotting.
Results. Both free Apelin13 and Nano-Apelin13 significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological scores, decreased neuronal loss, and downregulated MyD88 and NF-κB expression. However, Nano-Apelin13 demonstrated superior efficacy, normalizing several parameters to sham-operated levels. Notably, Nano-Apelin13 significantly suppressed TLR4 expression and attenuated cerebral edema and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, effects that were either significantly enhanced or absent in the free Apelin13-treated group.
Conclusion: Delivery of Apelin13 in niosomes could be a good option to reduce CI/R damage by inhibiting the activity of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB axis compared to free Apelin13.
- Brain Ischemia
- Apelin, Apelin-13 peptide
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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