Chronic Kidney Disease in Iran: First Report of the National Registry in Children and Adolescences
Urology Journal,
Vol. 18 No. 01 (2021),
17 March 2021
,
Page 122-130
https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v18i01.5759
Abstract
Purpose: Knowing the epidemiological aspects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is crucial for early
recognition, identification of reversible causes, and prognosis. Here, we report the epidemiological characteristics of childhood CKD in Iran.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 1991 - 2009. The data were collected
using the information in the Iranian Pediatric Registry of Chronic Kidney Disease (IPRCKD) core dataset.
Results: A total of 1247 children were registered. The mean age of the children at registration was 0.69 ± 4.72
years (range, 0.25 –18 years), 7.79 ± 3.18 years for hemodialysis (HD), 4.24 ± 1.86 years for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and 3.4±1.95 years for the children who underwent the renal transplantation (RT) (P < .001). The mean year of follow-up was 7.19 ± 4.65 years. The mean annual incidence of CKD 2–5 stages was 3.34 per million age-related population (pmarp). The mean prevalence of CKD 2–5 stages was 21.95 (pmarp). The cumulative 1-, 5-, and 10-year patients' survival rates were 98.3%, 90.7%, and 84.8%, respectively. The etiology of the CKD included the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) (40.01%), glomerulopathy (19.00%), unknown cause (18.28%), and cystic/hereditary/congenital disease (11.14%).
Conclusion: The incidence and prevalence rate of pediatric CKD in Iran is relatively lower than those reported in
Europe and other similar studies. CAKUT was the main cause of the CKD. Appropriate management of CAKUT
including early urological intervention is required to preserve the renal function. Herein, the long-term survival rate was higher among the children with CKD than the literature.
- Keywords
- Chronic kidney disease
- Children
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- End-Stage Renal Disease
- Iran
How to Cite
References
REFERENCES
Greenbaum LA, Warady BA, Furth SL. Current advances in chronic kidney disease in children: growth, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive risk factors. Semin Nephrol. 2009; 29:425–34.
Feldman HI, Appel LJ, Chertow GM, Cifelli D, Cizman B, Daugirdas J, et al. The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: design and methods. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003; 14 (7 Suppl 2):S148–53.
Oh KH, Park SK, Park HC, Chin HJ, Chae DW, Choi KH, et al. Representing KNOW-CKD Study Group. KNOW-CKD (Korean cohort study for Outcome in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease): design and methods. BMC Nephrol. 2014; 15:80.
Shroff R, Ledermann S. Long-term outcome of chronic dialysis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24:463–74.
Wong CJ, Moxey-Mims M, Jerry-Fluker J, Warady BA, Furth SL. CKiD (CKD in children) prospective cohort study: a review of current findings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012; 60:1002-11.
North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). 2008 Annual report. The EMMES Corporation: Rockville, MD, 2008.
Wesseling-Perry K, Salusky IB. Chronic kidney disease: mineral and bone disorder in children. Semin Nephrol 2013; 33:169-79.
Kiliś-Pstrusińska K, Medyńska A, Chmielewska IB, Grenda R, Kluska-Jóźwiak A, Leszczyńska B, et al. Perception of health related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease by the patients and their caregivers: multicentre national study results. Qual Life Res. 2013; 22:2889-97.
Warady BA, Chadha W. Chronic kidney disease in children: the global perspective. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22: 1999–2009.
Ardissino G, Dacco V, Testa S, Bonaudo R, Claris-Appiani A, Taioli E, et al. ItalKid Project Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project. Pediatrics. 2003; 111:e382–e87.
Staples AO, Greenbaum LA, Smith JM, Gipson DS, Filler G, Warady BA, et al. Association between clinical risk factors and progression of chronic kidney disease in children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 5:2172-79.
Madani K , Otoukesh H, Rastegar A, Van Why S. Chronic renal failure in Iranian children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001; 16:140-44.
Gheissari A, Kelishadi R, Roomizadeh P, Abedini A, Haghjooy-Javanmard S, Abtahi SH, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3-5 in Iranian Children: Need for a School-based Screening Strategy: The CASPIAN-III Study. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4:95-101.
Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM Jr , Spitzer A. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics. 1976; 58: 259–63.
Schwartz GJ, Feld LG, Langford DJ. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in full-term infants during the first year of life. J Pediatr. 1984; 104: 849-54.
Statistical Center of Iran: National Census of Population and Housing 2011. http://www.amar.org.ir
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents Update on the 1987 Task Force report on high blood pressure in children and adolescent. Pediatrics. 1996; 98:649-58.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114:555-76.
National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: S1–S2 66 (suppl1).
Hallan SI , Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, et al. International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2275-84.
Stel VS, Kramer A, Zoccali C, Jager, KJ. The 2007 ERA-EDTA registry annual report—a precis. NDT Plus. 2009; 2: 514–21.
Bek K, Akman S, Bilge I, Topaloğlu R, Calişkan S, Peru H, et al. Chronic kidney disease in children in Turkey. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24:797–806.
Mong Hiep TT, Ismaili K, Collart F, Damme-Lombaerts R, Godefroid N, Ghuysen MS, et al. Clinical Characteristics and outcomes of children with stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25: 935–40.
Peco-Antic A , Bogdanovic R, Paripovic D, Paripovic A, Kocev N, Golubovic E,et al. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children in Serbia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:1978-84.
Lagomarsimo E, Valenzuela A, Cavagnaro F, Solar E. Chronic renal failure in pediatrics 1996. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999; 13:288-91.
Anochie I, Eke F. Chronic renal failure in children: a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria (1985–2000). Pediatr Nephrol. 2003 ; 18 :692-95.
United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2010. Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD, 2010.
van der Heijden BJ, van Dijk PC, Verrier-Jones K, Jager KJ, Briggs JD. Renal replacement therapy in children: data from 12 registries in Europe. Pediatr Nephrol.2004;19:213-21.
Orr NI, McDonald SP, McTaggart S, Henning P, Craig JC. Frequency, etiology and treatment of childhood end-stage kidney disease in Australia and New Zealand. Pediatr Nephrol.2009; 24:1719-26.
Miklovicova D, Cornelissen M, Cransberg K, Groothoff JW, Dedik L, Schroder CH. Etiology and epidemiology of end-stage renal disease in Dutch children 1987-2001. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005; 20:1136-42.
U.S. renal data system. USRDS 2005. Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bethesda, MD, 2005.
Hattori S , Yosioka K, Honda M, Ito H. The 1998 report of the Japanese National Registry data on pediatric end-stage renal disease patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002; 17: 456–61.
Esbjörner E, Berg U, Hansson S. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: a report from Sweden 1986-1994. Swedish Pediatric Nephrology Association. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997; 11:438-42.
McTaggart S, McDonald S, Henning P, Dent H. Paediatric Report. ANZDATA Registry Report 2009, Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Adelaide, South Australia.
Fivush BA, Jabs K, Neu AM, Sullivan EK, Feld L, Kohaut E, et al. Chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents: the 1996 annual report of NAPRTCS. North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatr Nephrol.1998; 12:328–37.
Lewis MA, Shaw J, Sinha MD, Adalat S, Hussain F, Castledine C, et al. UK Renal Registry 12th Annual Report (December 2009): chapter 14: demography of the UK paediatric renal replacement therapy population in 2008. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;115:c279–c88.
ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry. ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry annual report 2008. 2010. http://www.espn-reg.org.
Safouh H, Fadel F, Essam R, Salah A, Bekhet A. Causes of chronic kidney disease in Egyptian children. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015; 26:806-09.
Scharer K, Chantler C, Brunner FP, Gurland HJ, Jacobs C, Selwood NH, et al. Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation of children in Europe, 1975. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc.1976; 13:59–103.
Smith JM , Martz K, Blydt-Hansen TD. Pediatric kidney transplant practice patterns and outcome benchmarks, 1987-2010: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. Pediatr Transplant. 2013; 17:149-57.
Neild GH. What do we know about chronic renal failure in young adults? I Primary renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24: 1913–19.
McDonald SP, Craig JC. Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology Association. Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2654–62.
Chesnaye NC , Schaefer F , Groothoff JW , Bonthuis M , Reusz G , Heaf JG , et al. Mortality risk in European children with end-stage renal disease on dialysis. Kidney Int. 2016; 89:1355-62.
Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, Ojo AO, Ettenger RE, Agodoa LY, et al. Comparison of mortality in all patients on dialysis, patients on dialysis awaiting transplantation, and recipients of a first cadaveric transplant. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:1725-30.
Mitsnefes MM , Laskin BL, Dahhou M, Zhang X, Foster BJ. Mortality risk among children initially treated with dialysis for end-stage kidney disease, 1990-2010. JAMA. 2013; 309:1921-29.
- Abstract Viewed: 440 times
- 5759/pdf Downloaded: 299 times