Mirror Therapy in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Narrative Review
Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2023),
1 October 2023
,
Page e96
https://doi.org/10.22037/jcpr.v8i4.47356
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) can lead to various impairments, activity limitations, and participation restriction. Mirror therapy is considered a useful treatment for improving the movement of lower and upper limbs in individuals with CP. This study examines current evidence on the effects of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic CP. This study examines current evidence on the effects of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy (CP). Material and methods: We performed this narrative review using the scientific databases (including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, springer, ProQuest, web of science, OT seeker, Magiran, SID and IranDoc) and included controlled trials, quasi-experimental, case reports, pilot studies, and case series. We identified 25 studies, from which, 3 were excluded after screening the full text. Totally 22 studies were included for deep reviewing the effect of mirror therapy on functional performance of children with hemiplegic CP. Result: Although studies on the effectiveness of mirror therapy in children with hemiplegic CP were limited and the available literatures have shown different results, it appears that mirror therapy as a complementary treatment may improve sensory and upper limb motor function in children with hemiplegic CP. Conclusion: This study suggests that mirror therapy may be helpful for sensory and upper extremity motor performance of children with hemiplegic CP. However, more clinical trials are needed to use this intervention to determine the exact effect of this treatment on children with hemiplegic CP.
How to Cite
References
Emara HAA-M, El Negamy TE. Effect of Mirror Visual Feedback on Upper Extremity Function and Wrist Proprioception in Cerebral Palsy Children with Hemiparesis. International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2017;3(4):28. doi.
Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disability rehabilitation. 2006;28(4):183-91. doi.
Shamsoddini A, Amirsalari S, Hollisaz M-T, Rahimnia A, Khatibi-Aghda A. Management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Iranian journal of pediatrics
;24(4):345. doi.
Aisen ML, Kerkovich D, Mast J, Mulroy S, Wren TA, Kay RM, et al. Cerebral palsy: clinical care and neurological rehabilitation. The Lancet Neurology. 2011;10(9):844-52. doi.
Dalvand H, Dehghan L, Hadian MR, Feizy A, Hosseini SA. Relationship between gross motor and intellectual function in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional study. Archives of physical medicine rehabilitation. 2012;93(3):480-4. doi.
Dehghan L, Dalvandi A, Rassafiani M, Hosseini SA, Dalvand H, Baptiste S. Social participation experiences of mothers of children with cerebral palsy in an Iranian context. Australian occupational therapy journal
;62(6):410-9. doi.
Novak I, Mcintyre S, Morgan C, Campbell L, Dark L, Morton N, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Developmental medicine child neurology. 2013;55(10):885-910. doi.
Coluccini M, Maini ES, Martelloni C, Sgandurra G, Cioni G. Kinematic characterization of functional reach to grasp in normal and in motor disabled children. Gait & Posture. 2007;25(4):493-501. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.015.
Aicardi J, Bax M, Gillberg C, Ogier H. Diseases of the nervous system in childhood: Mac Keith Press London; 1998.
Nicholson K, Lennon N, Church C, Miller F. Gait Analysis Parameters and Walking Activity Pre-and Postoperatively in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2018;30(3):203-7. doi.
Beckung E, Hagberg G, Uldall P, Cans C. Probability of walking in children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Pediatrics. 2008;121(1):e187-e92. doi.
Opheim A. Walking in adults with spastic cerebral palsy: the relation to pain, fatigue, gait and balance: Inst för neurobiologi, vårdvetenskap och samhälle/Dept of Neurobiology, Care …; 2011.
Thompson P, Beath T, Bell J, Jacobson G, Phair T, Salbach NM, et al. Test–retest reliability of the 10‐metre fast walk test and 6‐minute walk test in ambulatory school‐aged children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology. 2008;50(5):370-6. doi.
Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, Finch-Edmondson M, Galea C, Hines A, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 2020;20(2):3. doi: 10.1007/s11910-020-1022-z.
Park E-j, Baek S-h, Park S. Systematic review of the effects of mirror therapy in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of physical therapy science. 2016;28(11):3227-31. doi.
Ramachandran VS, Oberman LM. Broken mirrors. Scientific American. 2006;295(5):62-9. doi.
Cheng Y, Lee P-L, Yang C-Y, Lin C-P, Hung D, Decety J. Gender differences in the mu rhythm of the human mirror-neuron system. PLoS One
;3(5):e2113. doi.
Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Cattaneo L. Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance. Nature clinical practice neurology. 2009;5(1):24-34. doi.
Dimcheva M, Titianova E. Mirror Neurons–Methods of Investigation and Clinical Application. NEUROSONOLOGY CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS. 2018;14(1):5-11. doi.
Garrison KA, Winstein CJ, Aziz-Zadeh L. The mirror neuron system: a neural substrate for methods in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation neural repair. 2010;24(5):404-12. doi.
Lima EO. TERAPIA ESPELHO NA REABILITAÇÃO MOTORA APÓS PARALISIA CEREBRAL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA. Revista Saúde-UNG-Ser. 2019;13(1/2):25-32. doi.
Stevens JA, Stoykov MEP. Using motor imagery in the rehabilitation of hemiparesis. Archives of physical medicine rehabilitation. 2003;84(7):1090-2. doi.
Liu X, Xing T-Y, Liu R, Yang S-S, Wang G-W. Mirror therapy: a potential rehabilitation treatment. TMR Non-drug Therapy. 2019;2(4):109-16. doi.
Graven SN, Browne JV. Visual Development in the Human Fetus, Infant, and Young Child. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews. 2008;8(4):194-201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2008.10.011.
S SAXER AK-L, U BOUTELLIER, C NEWMAN, M STEINLIN, C WEISSTANNER, S GRUNT. The neuronal correlates of mirror illusion in children with hemiparesis: a pilot study using transcranial magnetic stimulation : 8. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2013;55:44. doi.
Ryu H. The effects of mirror therapy on body perception, balance and gait ability in hemiplegic children with cerebral palsy. Daejeon University. 2014. doi.
Tahmasebi A, Raji P. Effect of Visual Feedback on Static Standing Balance in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Compared to Normal Children. Health Rehabil. 2016;1(2):35-44. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2017.1100469.
elabasiry Mohamed SM, Din MSE, Nour S. Deviation of Hand Grip Strength from Normal Child before and after Two Different Techniques, of Hand Rehabilitation Therapy in Hemiplegic Children. doi.
Ortega-Martínez A, Palomo-Carrión R, Varela-Ferro C, Bagur-Calafat MC, editors. Feasibility of a home-based mirror therapy program in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Healthcare; 2023: MDPI.
Mohammed AH, Karim AEA, Abouelenein MH, Sheha SMJCS, Psychoses R. Mirror Therapy Feedback for Selective Motor Control of the Upper Extremities in Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2022:1-4. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.MAAK.030722.
N Sadek B, A Ali E, Attia Abdalla Abdelfattah Z, Mohamed Khalifa Ewis A, Hafez Afefe Barakat AJEJoHC. Effect of Mirror Intervention Program on Hand Activity, Mastery Motivation and Self-Esteem among Children with Cerebral Palsy. 2022;13(1):2188-203. doi.
Farzamfar P, Heirani A, Sedighi M. The effect of motor training in mirror therapy on gross motor skills of the affected hand in children with hemiplegia. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2017;15(3):243-8. doi.
Narimani A, Kalantari M, Dalvand H, Tabatabaee SM. Effect of Mirror Therapy on Dexterity and Hand Grasp in Children Aged 9-14 Years with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Child Neurol. 2019;13(4):135-42. doi.
Kara OK, Yardimci BN, Sahin S, Orhan C, Livanelioglu A, Soylu AR. Combined Effects of Mirror Therapy and Exercises on the Upper Extremities in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Developmental Neurorehabilitation
;23(4):253-64. doi.
Elanchezhian C, Kumari S. Mirror therapy to improve hand function in spastic cerebral palsy children. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;10(3):2381-7. doi.
Gaillard F, Samson E, Rauscent H, Bonan I. Investigations of the effects of mirror therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Annals of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;61:e314-e5. doi.
Bruchez R, Jequier Gygax M, Roches S, Fluss J, Jacquier D, Ballabeni P, et al. Mirror therapy in children with hemiparesis: a randomized observer‐blinded trial. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology
;58(9):970-8. doi.
Nour AAA, Saleh MG, Elnagmy EH. IMPACT OF COMBINING MIRROR THERAPY AND HABIT ON HAND GRIP STRENGTH IN CHILDREN WITH HEMIPARESIS. International Journal of Physiotherapy. 2016;3(4):460-8. doi.
Gygax MJ, Schneider P, Newman CJ. Mirror therapy in children with hemiplegia: a pilot study. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology
;53(5):473-6. doi.
Shahanawaz S, Sayali M. Effect of mirror therapy on hand functions in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A case study. International Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2015;1(1):5-9. doi.
Derakhshanrad SA, Piven E, Zeynalzadeh Ghoochani B, Toosi S. Effect of Mirror Therapy on Upper Limb Function: A Single Subject Study. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2017;15(3):227-34. doi.
Elsepaee MI, Elhadidy EI, Emara HAA-M, Nawar EAE. EFFECT OF MIRROR VISUAL FEEDBACK ON HAND FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH HEMIPARESIS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY. 2016;3(2):147-53. doi.
XIAOJIE L, YANG L, LIPING W, YING S. Rehabilitation effectiveness research of mirror visual feedback therapy on upper limb function in children with cerebral palsy: 24. Developmental Medicine Child Neurology
;55:45-6. doi.
Feltham MG, Ledebt A, Deconinck FJ, Savelsbergh GJ. Mirror visual feedback induces lower neuromuscular activity in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Research in developmental disabilities. 2010;31(6):1525-35. doi.
Smorenburg AR, Ledebt A, Feltham MG, Deconinck FJ, Savelsbergh GJ. The positive effect of mirror visual feedback on arm control in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy is dependent on which arm is viewed. Experimental brain research
;213(4):393. doi.
Smorenburg AR, Ledebt A, Deconinck FJ, Savelsbergh GJ. Visual feedback of the non-moving limb improves active joint-position sense of the impaired limb in Spastic Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities
;32(3):1107-16. doi.
Auld ML, Johnston LM, Russo RN, Moseley GL. A Single Session of Mirror‐based Tactile and Motor Training Improves Tactile Dysfunction in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Replicated Randomized Controlled Case Series. Physiotherapy Research International. 2017;22(4):e1674. doi.
Vaghela V, Parmar D. The Effects of MCIMT versus MT in Young Children with Spastic Hemiplegic CP to Improve Hand Function and Strength of the Paretic Arm. doi.
Sharan D, Rajkumar J. A comparative study on the effectiveness of mirror therapy and constrained induced movement therapy in cerebral palsy. Annals of physical rehabilitation medicine
;61:e59. doi.
Mohamed R, Yousef A, Radwan N, Ibrahim M. Efficacy of different approaches on quality of upper extremity function, dexterity and grip strength in hemiplegic children: a randomized controlled study. European review for medical pharmacological sciences. 2021;25(17):5412-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202109_26648.
Palomo-Carrión R, Zuil-Escobar JC, Cabrera-Guerra M, Barreda-Martínez P, Martínez-Cepa CB. Mirror Therapy and Action Observation Therapy to Increase the Affected Upper Limb Functionality in Children with Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2021;18(3):1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031051.
Korney SS, Zaky NA, Abd-El-Nabie WA-h, Korobeinik VJH, sport, rehabilitation. Impact of virtual reality and mirror therapy on balance, muscle strength and quality of life in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a double blinded randomized comparative study: 2024, V. 10, No 3. 2023. doi.
Garry M, Loftus A, Summers J. Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Experimental brain research. 2005;163(1):118-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-2226-9.
Yavuzer G, Selles R, Sezer N, Sütbeyaz S, Bussmann JB, Köseoğlu F, et al. Mirror therapy improves hand function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine rehabilitation. 2008;89(3):393-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.162.
Fukumura K, Sugawara K, Tanabe S, Ushiba J, Tomita Y. Influence of mirror therapy on human motor cortex. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;117(7):1039-48. doi.
Kantak SS, Stinear JW, Buch ER, Cohen LG. Rewiring the brain: potential role of the premotor cortex in motor control, learning, and recovery of function following brain injury. Neurorehabilitation neural repair. 2012;26(3):282-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968311420845.
Altschuler E. Motor rehabilitation in a stroke patient using a mirror. Society for Neuroscience. 1998;24:1408. doi.
Rezaei A, Raji P, Mousavi ST, Mahmoodian M, Baghestani ARJBJoOT. Study of environmental factors and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy based on international classification of functioning, disability and health. 2022;85(2):137-43. doi.
Wann JP. The integrity of visual-proprioceptive mapping in cerebral palsy. Neuropsychologia. 1991;29(11):1095-106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(91)90079-N.
Gordon AM, Charles J, Wolf SL. Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy on involved upper-extremity use in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy is not age-dependent. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):e363-e73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1009.
Deconinck FJ, Smorenburg AR, Benham A, Ledebt A, Feltham MG, Savelsbergh GJ. Reflections on mirror therapy: a systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain. Neurorehabilitation neural repair. 2015;29(4):349-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968314546134.
Ramachandran VS. Plasticity and functional recovery in neurology. Clinical Medicine. 2005;5(4):368. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.5-4-368.
Ramachandran VS, Altschuler ELJB. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain. 2009;132(7):1693-710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp135.
Rossi S, Tecchio F, Pasqualetti P, Ulivelli M, Pizzella V, Romani G, et al. Somatosensory processing during movement observation in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002;113(1):16-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00725-8.
Serino A, Farnè A, Rinaldesi ML, Haggard P, Làdavas E. Can vision of the body ameliorate impaired somatosensory function? Neuropsychologia. 2007;45(5):1101-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.013.
- Abstract Viewed: 358 times
- PDF Downloaded: 460 times