Coronavirus Pandemic and Mental Health During Pregnancy COVID-19 And Pregnants’ Mental Health
International Clinical Neuroscience Journal,
Vol. 9 (2022),
10 January 2022
,
Page e27
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an enveloped RNA virus, declared as a pandemic in 2020. The pandemic and the policies around it for controlling the infection have caused major psychological stress on the population, especially a high-risk group: the pregnant women. This study evaluates the anxiety and depression of pregnant women, in the first six months of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all pregnant women, visiting the obstetrics clinic of Mahdiyeh hospital, were enrolled in this study. Among them, women with no prior psychological disorder or use anti-anxiety or antidepressant drug were included in the study and were asked to complete the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire. Also, the demographic information, obstetrics history and past medical history of each patient were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22, using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), t test, chi-square and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Significant levels were considered at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: Overall, 465 pregnant women with a mean ± SD age of 26.75 ± 5.71 years were included in the study. The mean ± SD HADS score of the women was 12.00 ± 6.09 and 240 (51.6%) of the women had abnormal HADS score. Among the demographic properties, a significant association was seen between gravidity and HADS score (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: COVID-19 can cause a considerable level of stress in women during their pregnancy, which can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Among pregnant women, primigravida and multigravida (more than two previous pregnancy) ones were at higher risk of experiencing anxiety or depression.
- COVID-19; Anxiety; Depression; Hospital anxiety and depression scale.
How to Cite
References
Lu L, Zhong W, Bian Z, Li Z, Zhang K, Liang B, et al. A comparison of mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(4):e18-e25. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.002.
Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi RF. COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol. 2021;74(1):168-84. doi: 10.1016/j. jhep.2020.09.031.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. WHO; 2021. https:// covid19.who.int/. Accessed January 1, 2021.
Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1015-24. doi: 10.1097/ cm9.0000000000000722.
Lu Q, Shi Y. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and neonate: what neonatologist need to know. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):564- 7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25740.
Parsa Y, Shokri N, Jahedbozorgan T, Naeiji Z, Zadehmodares S, Moridi A. Possible vertical transmission of COVID-19 to the newborn; a case report. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2021;9(1):e5. doi: 10.22037/aaem.v9i1.923.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
Dong XY, Wang L, Tao YX, Suo XL, Li YC, Liu F, et al. Psychometric properties of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease in patients with COPD in China. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:49-58. doi: 10.2147/ copd.s117626.
Valero-Moreno S, Lacomba-Trejo L, Casaña-Granell S, Prado- Gascó VJ, Montoya-Castilla I, Pérez-Marín M. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on threat perception of chronic illnesses in pediatric patients. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2020;28:e3242. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.3144.3242.
Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG, Decety J. Social neuroscience and its relationship to social psychology. Soc Cogn. 2010;28(6):675-85. doi: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.675.
Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W. Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med. 2021;26(1):13-22. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817.
Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J, et al. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):240.e1-240.e9. doi: 10.1016/j. ajog.2020.05.009.
Shapiro GD, Séguin JR, Muckle G, Monnier P, Fraser WD. Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38(2):121-32. doi: 10.1080/0167482x.2016.1271979.
Olieman RM, Siemonsma F, Bartens MA, Garthus-Niegel S, Scheele F, Honig A. The effect of an elective cesarean section on maternal request on peripartum anxiety and depression in women with childbirth fear: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s12884- 017-1371-z.
Davoodi P, Akhlaghdoust M. The mental health of pregnant women during COVID-19. Int Clin Neurosci J. 2021;8(3):103- 4. doi: 10.34172/icnj.2021.22.
Moyer CA, Compton SD, Kaselitz E, Muzik M. Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):757-65. doi: 10.1007/s00737-020-01073-5.
Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:5-13. doi: 10.1016/j. jad.2020.07.126.
Ravaldi C, Vannacci A. The COVID-ASSESS dataset - COVID19 related anxiety and stress in prEgnancy, poSt-partum and breaStfeeding during lockdown in Italy. Data Brief. 2020;33:106440. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106440.
Durankuş F, Aksu E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(2):205-11. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946.
Salehi L, Rahimzadeh M, Molaei E, Zaheri H, Esmaelzadeh- Saeieh S. The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: a structural equation model. Brain Behav. 2020;10(11):e01835. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1835.
- Abstract Viewed: 80 times
- PDF Downloaded: 111 times