مجله آنستزیولوژی و مراقبتهای ویژه ایران

References

1. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Mathews T. Births: final data for 2014. 2015.

2. Pourshirazi M, Heidarzadeh M, Taheri M, Esmaily H, Babaey F, Talkhi N, et al. Cesarean delivery in Iran: a population-based analysis using the Robson classification system. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22(1):1-9.

3. Carvalho B, Cohen SE, Lipman SS, Fuller A, Mathusamy AD, Macario A. Patient preferences for anesthesia outcomes associated with cesarean delivery. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005;101(4):1182-7.

4. Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Guidelines on the management of postoperative pain. J Pain. 2016;17(2):131-57.

5. Anesthesia ASoATFoO. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:843-63.

6. Dahl JB, Jeppesen IS, Jørgensen H, Wetterslev J, Møiniche S. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999;91(6):1919-.

7. Bonnet M-P, Mignon A, Mazoit J-X, Ozier Y, Marret E. Analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of epidural morphine compared to parenteral opioids after elective caesarean section: a systematic review. European Journal of Pain. 2010;14(9):894. e1-. e9.

8. Sultan P, Halpern SH, Pushpanathan E, Patel S, Carvalho B. The effect of intrathecal morphine dose on outcomes after elective cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2016;123(1):154-64.

9. Chan JK, Leung RC, Lai CK. Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 1998;5(1):60-8.

10. Kiasari AZ, Razavi R, Sobhani S, Ghadikolaee NS, Khorshidi NM, Shabankhani K, Faghani-Makrani N. Comparison of the Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine Versus Dexamethasone to Bupivacaine in Transverse Abdominis Plane Block on Postoperative Pain Intensity in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. 2025 Jul 15;15(4):e162462.

11. Gautier PE, De Kock M, Luc F, Van Steenberge A, Hody J-L. Intrathecal clonidine combined with sufentanil for labor analgesia. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1998;88(3):651-6.

12. Savola J-M, Virtanen R. Central α2-adrenoceptors are highly stereoselective for dexmedetomidine, the dextro enantiomer of medetomidine. European journal of pharmacology. 1991;195(2):193-9.

13. Liu Y, Liang F, Liu X, Shao X, Jiang N, Gan X. Dexmedetomidine reduces perioperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain intensity in neurosurgery: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2018;30(2):146-55.

14. Marhofer D, Kettner S, Marhofer P, Pils S, Weber M, Zeitlinger M. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine prolongs peripheral nerve block: a volunteer study. British journal of anaesthesia. 2013;110(3):438-42.

15. Roelants F. The use of neuraxial adjuvant drugs (neostigmine, clonidine) in obstetrics. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology. 2006;19(3):233-7.

16. Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999;288(3):1107-16.

17. Kanazi G, Aouad M, Jabbour‐Khoury S, Al Jazzar M, Alameddine M, Al‐Yaman R, et al. Effect of low‐dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block. Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica. 2006;50(2):222-7.

18. Mohamed AA, Fares KM, Mohamed SA. Efficacy of intrathecally administered dexmedetomidine versus dexmedetomidine with fentanyl in patients undergoing major abdominal cancer surgery. Pain physician. 2012;15(4):339.

19. Kim JE, Kim NY, Lee HS, Kil HK. Effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on low-dose bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2013;36(6):959-65.

20. Abdelhamid SA, El-lakany MH. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine: useful or not. J Anesth Clin Res. 2013;4(9):351.

21. Eid H, Shafie MA, Youssef H. Dose-related prolongation of hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia by dexmedetomidine. Ain Shams J Anesthesiol. 2011;4(2):83-95.

22. Sullivan A, Kalso E, McQuay H, Dickenson A. The antinociceptive actions of dexmedetomidine on dorsal horn neuronal responses in the anaesthetized rat. European journal of pharmacology. 1992;215(1):127-33.

23. Lauretti GR, Reis MP, Prado WA, Klamt JG. Dose-response study of intrathecal morphine versus intrathecal neostigmine, their combination, or placebo for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing anterior and posterior vaginoplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 1996;82(6):1182-7.

24. Hood DD, Mallak KA, Eisenach JC, Tong C. Interaction between intrathecal neostigmine and epidural clonidine in human volunteers. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1996;85(2):315-25.

25. Liu SS, Hodgson PS, Moore JM, Trautman WJ, Burkhead DL. Dose-response effects of spinal neostigmine added to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in volunteers. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 1999;90(3):710-7.

26. Raghavan RK, Reghunathan U, Meleveethil B, Meleveettil AJ. Intrathecal neostigmine with hyperbaric bupivacaine on the effects of spinal anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia–Randomised prospective double blind study. Indian J Clin Anaesth. 2016;3:626-30.

27. Pandey V, Mohindra B, Sodhi GS. Comparative evaluation of different doses of intrathecal neostigmine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches. 2016;10(3):538.

28. Yoganarasimha N, Raghavendra T, Amitha S, Shridhar K, Radha M. A comparative study between intrathecal clonidine and neostigmine with intrathecal bupivacaine for lower abdominal surgeries. Indian journal of anaesthesia. 2014;58(1):43.

29. Chhaya Suryawanshi RJ, Pati Sathvika, Dheeraj Gopal Ravindran4. Comparison of epidural dexmedetomidine and neostigmine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in lower limb surgeries. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022;13(7):6537-48.

30. Hegde Uthkala Bhaskar SK, G Nischala Reddy. A Comparative Study of Intrathecal Neostigmine and Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvant to Bupivacaine Spinal Analgesia in Sub Umbilical Regional Surgeries. Academia Anesthesiologica International. 2019;4(1):53-6.

31. Singh AK, Kumar A, Kumar A, Prasad BK, Tiwary PK, Kumar R. A comparison of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and neostigmine as adjuvant to ropivacaine for lower limb surgeries: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches. 2017;11(4):987.

32. Sharma A, Kumar NJ, Azharuddin M, Mohan LC, Ramachandran G. Evaluation of low-dose dexmedetomidine and neostigmine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in orthopedic surgeries: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology. 2016;32(2):187.