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  3. Vol. 16 (2026): Vol. 16 (2026)
  4. Review Article

Vol. 16 (2026)

Dey 2026

Mechanisms and Clinical Spectrum of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology in Substance Use Disorders: A Narrative Review

  • Zahra Hashemzade

International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Vol. 16 (2026), 1 Dey 2026 , Page 1-13
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53272 Published: 09/30/2026

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Abstract

Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) significantly impact oral health, yet the pathophysiological mechanisms remain under-synthesized. This narrative review evaluates the clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for oral pathologies associated with SUDs.

Methods: A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2026) was conducted to identify relevant studies, including systematic reviews, clinical trials, and observational data, focusing on dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral mucosal lesions.

Results: Individuals with SUDs exhibit increased prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and xerostomia. Quantitative evidence suggests a 1.84-fold higher risk for periodontal disease and a 2.13-fold increase in oral lesions among users compared to non-users. Pathophysiological drivers include direct pharmacological effects, such as vasoconstriction and xerostomia, exacerbated by poor nutritional status and hygiene. Emerging evidence highlights bidirectional links between periodontal inflammation and psychiatric comorbidities, alongside risks associated with medication-assisted treatments.

Conclusion: Oral health must be integrated into addiction treatment protocols. Clinical management should prioritize rigorous history-taking, aggressive xerostomia mitigation, and tailored follow-up intervals for high-risk patients. These measures are essential to translate existing research into improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
  • Substance use disorders, Oral and maxillofacial pathology, Xerostomia, Periodontal disease, Dental caries, Oral microbiome
  • 53272

How to Cite

Hashemzade, Z. (2026). Mechanisms and Clinical Spectrum of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology in Substance Use Disorders: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 16, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijmtfm.v16.53272
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