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  3. Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025): October 2025
  4. Letter to the Editor

Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025)

October 2025

"Gol" as a Commonly Abused Psychoactive Substance in Iran: Clinical and Forensic Consequences

  • Kambiz Soltaninejad

International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025), 30 October 2025 , Page 1-2
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijmtfm.v15i4.50347 Published: 11/08/2025

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Abstract

Keywords:
  • Cannabis
  • forensic toxicology
  • Medical Toxicology
  • PDF

How to Cite

Soltaninejad, K. (2025). "Gol" as a Commonly Abused Psychoactive Substance in Iran: Clinical and Forensic Consequences. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 15(4), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijmtfm.v15i4.50347
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References

[1] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2023. United Nations; 2023. [Link]

[2] Rostam-Abadi Y, Gholami J, Amin-Esmaeili M, Baheshmat S, Hamzezadeh M, Rafiemanesh H, et al. Evidence for an increase in cannabis use in Iran: A systematic review and trend analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256563. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256563]

[3] Rostam-Abadi Y, Amin-Esmaeili M, Baheshmat S, Mohammad Aghaaei A, Gholami J, et al. A six-year follow-up of people who use cannabis in Iran: A Case Series. Addiction and Health. 2023; 15(1):71–6. [DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1357]

[4] Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Glue P, Gee P. The clinical toxicology of cannabis. The New Zealand Medical Journal. 2020; 133(1523):96-103. [Link]

[5] Muheriwa-Matemba SR, Baral A, Abdshah A, Amazing Diggs BN, Gerber Collazos KS, Morris KB, et al. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of cannabis use by route of administration: A systematic review. Substance Use and Misuse. 2024;59(9):1331-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2341317]

[6] Crocker CE, Emsley JE, Tibbo PG. Mental health adverse events with cannabis use diagnosed in the Emergency Department: what are we finding now and are our findings accurate? Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023;14:1093081. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1093081]

[7] Rafiei D, Kolla NJ. Fact or faction regarding the relationship between cannabis use and violent behavior. The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2022;50(1):44-55. [DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.210034-21]

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Copyright  The Author(s); This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-By-NC), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

       

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