Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Analyzing Methadone in Urine Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine,
Vol. 10 No. 3 (2020),
27 September 2020
,
Page 29457
https://doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v10i3.29457
Abstract
Background: Methadone abuse and dependence are a growing concern in some countries. The present study developed and validated a rapid, simple, easy, and sensitive method for analyzing methadone in urine specimens. This approach was intended for use in clinical and forensic toxicology and drug screening laboratories.
Methods: We determined methadone in urine samples by Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC / MS). Besides, we used Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction (UALLE) method for the extraction and preconcentration of methadone before analysis.
Results: The detection limit was 2.1 ng/mL and the limit of quantification equaled 7 ng/mL. The methadone calibration curve was linear and ranged from 7 to 10000 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.9984. The tested method was accurate and precise. Recovery fell in the range of 81.3% to 97.4% and the enrichment factor was measured as 8.7. The method was successfully used for determining methadone in real clinical and postmortem urine samples.
Conclusion: The presented method was a rapid, easy, simple, and sensitive procedure; thus, it could be applied in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories as a routine approach for analyzing methadone.
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Methadone, Ultrasound-Assisted liquid-liquid microextraction, Urine
How to Cite
References
Noble F, Marie N. Management of opioid addiction with opioid substitution treatments: Beyond methadone and buprenorphine. Front Psychiatry. 2019; 9:742. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00742] [PMID] [PMCID]
Mercadante S, David F, Villari P, Spedale VM, Casuccio A. Methadone versus morphine for postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgery for gynecological cancer: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Anesth. 2020; 61:109627. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.109627] [PMID]
Bell J, Zador D. A risk-benefit analysis of methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Saf. 2000; 22(3):179-90. [DOI:10.2165/00002018-200022030-00002] [PMID]
Clausen T, Anchersen K, Waal H. Mortality prior to, during and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): A national prospective cross-registry study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008; 94(1-3):151-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.003] [PMID]
Soltaninejad K, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Shadnia S. Methadone related poisoning on the rise in Tehran, Iran. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. 2014; 3:104-9. [DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2014.3378]
Soroosh D, Neamatshahi M, Zarmehri B, Nakhaee S, Mehrpour O. Drug-induced prolonged corrected QT interval in patients with methadone and opium overdose. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019; 14(1):8. [DOI:10.1186/s13011-019-0196-3] [PMID] [PMCID]
Hadland SE, Levy S. Objective testing: Urine and other drug tests. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016; 25(3):549-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.005] [PMID] [PMCID]
Dollerup Holm KM, Linnet K. Chiral analysis of methadone and its main metabolite, EDDP, in postmortem brain and blood by automated SPE and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36(7):487-96. [DOI:10.1093/jat/bks057] [PMID]
Castro AL, Tarelho S, Silvestre A, Teixeira HM. Simultaneous analysis of some club drugs in whole blood using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012; 19(2):77-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.006] [PMID]
Shamsipur M, Fattahi N. Extraction and determination of opium alkaloids in urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011; 879(28):2978-83. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.033] [PMID]
Rezaeepour R, Heydari R, Ismaili A. Ultrasound and salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction as an efficient method for natural product extraction. Anal Methods. 2015, 7:3253-9. [DOI:10.1039/C5AY00150A]
Ridgway K, Lalljie SPD, Smith RM. Sample preparation techniques for the determination of trace residues and contaminants in foods. J Chromatogr A. 2007; 1153(1-2):36-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.134] [PMID]
Pavlovic’ DM, Babic’ S, Horvat AJM, Marija-Kaštelan M. Sample preparation in analysis of pharmaceuticals. Trends Analyt Chem. 2007; 26(11):1062-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2007.09.010]
Sushma DD, Jaimala JA, Priya BP. Ultrasonication: A unique extraction method of crude drugs. J Indian Sys Med. 2015; 3(4):203-5. http://oaji.net/articles/2016/3020-1456050200.pdf
Cheng PS, Lee CH, Liu C, Chien CS. Simultaneous determination of ketamine, tramadol, methadone, and their metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2008; 32(3):253-9. [DOI:10.1093/jat/32.3.253] [PMID]
Alahyari E, Setareh M, Shekari A, Roozbehani G, Soltaninejad K. Analysis of opioids in postmortem urine samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detection. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2018; 8:13. [DOI:10.1186/s41935-018-0046-x]
Bratinčević MV, Visković T, Sutlović D. Comparison of the solid phase and liquid-liquid extraction methods for methadone determinationin human serum and whole blood samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2017; 68(4):308-14. [DOI:10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2953] [PMID]
Shekari A, Forouzesh M, Valipour R, Fallah F, Shojaei P. Validation and optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid- liquid microextraction as a preparation method for detection of methadone in saliva with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020; 10(2):329-33. [DOI:10.34172/apb.2020.040] [PMID] [PMCID]
Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology. Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology. J Anal Toxicol. 2013; 37(7):452-74. [DOI:10.1093/jat/bkt054] [PMID]
Ranjbari E, Golbabanezhad-Azizi AA, Hadjmohammadi MR. Preconcentration of trace amounts of methadone in human urine, plasma, saliva and sweat samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta. 2012; 94:116-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.004] [PMID]
Lin Z, Li J, Zhang X, Qiu M, Huang Z, Rao Y. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of seven recreational drugs in human whole blood using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2017; 1046:177-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.024] [PMID]
Meng L, Zhang W, Meng P, Zhu B, Zheng K. Comparison of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2015; 989:46-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.039] [PMID]
Zhong Z, Li G, Zhong X, Luo Z, Zhu B. Ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of alkanolamines and alkylamines in cosmetics with ion chromatography. Talanta. 2013; 115:518-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.045] [PMID]
Piao C, Chen L, Wang Y. A review of the extraction and chromatographic determination methods for the analysis of parabens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014; 969:139-48. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.015] [PMID]
Chen PS, Haung WY, Huang SD. Analysis of triazine herbicides using an up-and-down-shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextractioncoupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014; 955-956:116-23. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.032] [PMID]
- Abstract Viewed: 320 times
- pdf Downloaded: 290 times