Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
Journal of Ophthalmic and Optometric Sciences,
Vol. 7 No. 3 (2023),
17 July 2024
,
Page 18-25
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the demographic and ocular characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. It also aimed to identify the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among this population.
Patients and Methods: From April 2020 to 2022, diabetic patients from Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, completed a standardized questionnaire to collect demographic characteristics. Diabetes was diagnosed as per World Health Organization criteria. Additionally, laboratory tests and ophthalmic examinations were performed for the enrolled patients.
Results: A total of 1,008 patients were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 58.13 ± 8.26 years. The most prevalent ocular pathology among patients entering the study was diabetic retinopathy (403 patients, 40 %), followed by glaucoma (312 patients, 31 %) and age-related macular degeneration (223 patients, 22.1 %). Age (P = 0.048), duration of diabetes (P = 0.012), male sex (P = 0.049), hypertension (P = 0.048), presence of diabetic neuropathy (P = 0.041), presence of diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.048), and presence of diabetic foot ulcer (P = 0.041) were correlated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy also had significantly higher intraocular pressure (P < 0.01), fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001), serum total cholesterol (P < 0.001), serum triglyceride (P < 0.01), and HbA1c (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy was observed in a higher percentage of diabetic patients from Sistan and Baluchestan province compared to the global average, but its prevalence was in line with the mean prevalence reported in Iran.
- Diabetes
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Metabolic Abnormalities
- Ocular Fundus Diseases
- Fundus Ophthalmoscopy
How to Cite
References
Valizadeh R, Vali L, Bahaadinbeigy K, Amiresmaili M. The Challenges of Iran's Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Control Program. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:175.
Esteghamati A, Larijani B, Aghajani MH, Ghaemi F, Kermanchi J, Shahrami A, Saadat M, et al. Diabetes in Iran: Prospective Analysis from First Nationwide Diabetes Report of National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2016). Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13461.
Manaviat MR, Rashidi M, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Shoja MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. BMC Ophthalmol. 2008;8:10.
Fenwick EK, Xie J, Ratcliffe J, Pesudovs K, Finger RP, Wong TY, Lamoureux EL. The impact of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema on health-related quality of life in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(2):677-84.
Cade WT. Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting. Phys Ther. 2008;88(11):1322-35.
Barrett EJ, Liu Z, Khamaisi M, King GL, Klein R, Klein BEK, Hughes TM, Craft S, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Vinik AI, Casellini CM. Diabetic Microvascular Disease: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(12):4343-10.
Yongpeng Z, Yaxing W, Jinqiong Z, Qian W, Yanni Y, Xuan Y, et al. The Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and the Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration-The Kailuan Eye Study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:922289.
Khan J, Shaw S. Risk of cataract and glaucoma among older persons with diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study based on LASI, Wave-1. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):11973.
Kropp M, Golubnitschaja O, Mazurakova A, Koklesova L, Sargheini N, Vo TKS, de Clerck E, et al. Diabetic retinopathy as the leading cause of blindness and early predictor of cascading complications-risks and mitigation. EPMA J. 2023;14(1):21-42.
Niazi MK, Akram A, Naz MA, Awan S. Duration of Diabetes as a Significant Factor for Retinopathy. Pak J Ophthalmology. 2010;26(4):182-6.
Maroufizadeh S, Almasi-Hashiani A, Hosseini M, Sepidarkish M, Omani Samani R. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Iran: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(5):782-9.
Vashist P, Singh S, Gupta N, Saxena R. Role of early screening for diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: an overview. Indian J Community Med. 2011;36(4):247-52.
Liu Y, Swearingen R. Diabetic Eye Screening: Knowledge and Perspectives from Providers and Patients. Curr Diab Rep. 2017;17(10):94.
Thomas RL, Halim S, Gurudas S, Sivaprasad S, Owens DR. IDF Diabetes Atlas: A review of studies utilising retinal photography on the global prevalence of diabetes related retinopathy between 2015 and 2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107840.
Mohammadi M, Raiegani AAV, Jalali R, Ghobadi A, Salari N. The prevalence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2019;20(1):79-88.
Magliah SF, Bardisi W, Al Attah M, Khorsheed MM. The prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in selected primary care centers during the 3-year screening intervals. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(5):975-81.
Tan CS, Gay EM, Ngo WK. Is age a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy? Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1268. |
Tan F, Chen Q, Zhuang X, Wu C, Qian Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Lu F, Shen M, Li Y. Associated risk factors in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy. Eye Vis (Lond). 2019;6:23.
Gelcho GN, Gari FS. Time to Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Risk Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022;32(5):937-46.
Yun JS, Ko SH, Kim JH, Moon KW, Park YM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(4):262-9.
Al-Bdour MD, Al-Till MI, Abu Samra KM. Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy among Jordanian Diabetics. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2008;15(2):77-80.
Qian J, Haq Z, Yang D, Stewart JM. Male sex increases the risk of diabetic retinopathy in an urban safety-net hospital population without impacting the relationship between axial length and retinopathy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9780.
Hosseini SM, Maracy MR, Amini M, Baradaran HR. A risk score development for diabetic retinopathy screening in Isfahan-Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2009;14(2):105-10.
Javadi MA, Katibeh M, Rafati N, Dehghan MH, Zayeri F, Yaseri M, Sehat M, Ahmadieh H. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2009;9:12.
Valizadeh R, Moosazadeh M, Bahaadini K, Vali L, Lashkari T, Amiresmaili M. Determining the Prevalence of Retinopathy and Its Related Factors among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Kerman, Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(5):296-300.
Li M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Tang X, Mu P, Tan Y, et al. Females with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Are Prone to Diabetic Retinopathy: A Twelve-Province Cross-Sectional Study in China. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:5814296.
Sparrow JM, McLeod BK, Smith TD, Birch MK, Rosenthal AR. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy and their risk factors in the non-insulin-treated diabetic patients of an English town. Eye (Lond). 1993;7 ( Pt 1):158-63.
Li YT, Wang Y, Hu XJ, Chen JH, Li YY, Zhong QY, et al. Association between Systolic Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy in Both Hypertensive and Normotensive Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Risk Factors and Healthcare Implications. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(5):580.
Zhang M, Wu J, Wang Y, Wu J, Hu W, Jia H, et al. Associations between blood pressure levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: A population-based study. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16830.
Al-Bdour MD, Al-Till MI, Abu Samra KM. Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy among Jordanian Diabetics. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2008;15(2):77-80.
Hafeez M, Achar P, Neeralagi M, Naik GT. Correlation between Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022;14(Suppl 1):S658-61.
Yin L, Zhang D, Ren Q, Su X, Sun Z. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients: A community based cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(9):e19236.
Rasoulinejad SA, Meftah N, Maniati MS, Maniati M. High levels of FBS and HbA1c and their association with diabetic retinopathy: a study in the north of Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2022;21(1):399-406.
Rasoulinejad SA, Hajian-Tilaki K, Mehdipour E. Associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients that referred to teaching hospitals in Babol. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(4):224-8.
Heydari B, Yaghoubi G, Yaghoubi MA, Miri MR. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: an Iranian eye study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(3):393-7.
Yun JS, Lim TS, Cha SA, Ahn YB, Song KH, et al. Clinical Course and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):482-93.
Abougalambou SS, Abougalambou AS. Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetes patients at teaching hospital in Malaysia. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015;9(2):98-103.
Tseng ST, Chou ST, Low BH, Su FL. Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy onset and progression in diabetes patients: a Taiwanese cohort study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):21507-15.
Ahmed KR, Karim MN, Bukht MS, Bhowmik B, Acharyya A, Ali L, Hussain A. Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2011;5(4):196-200.
- Abstract Viewed: 30 times
- pdf Downloaded: 15 times
