Sex differences in conventional and some behavioral cardiovascular risk factors, Analysis of the prevention clinic database
Social Determinants of Health,
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2016),
15 December 2016
,
Page 53-60
https://doi.org/10.22037/sdh.v2i2.13516
Abstract
Background: An increase in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) frequency was observed over the past three decades in low- and middle income countries, especially in Iran. The purpose of the present study was to review and compare the frequencies of conventional and some non-conventional CVD risk factors between men and women in a tertiary level referral cardiovascular teaching hospital in a six month period in the North of Iran.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using medical databases including conventional risk factors: opium consumption, physical inactivity, high salt diet, and serum vitamin D level. The chi-square and independent t tests were used to assess the differences between groups.
Results: A total of 740 (55% women) who had available full medical history data were recruited in the study. Approximately 62% of the participants were older than 45 years with the mean age of 54 (14.2) years old. Percentages of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity in women were significantly higher than those of men (P<0.05). A total of 50% of all the participants were physically inactive. Men had higher frequency of opium and saltshaker use than women (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The current study indicated that despite the importance of conventional CVD risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity, educational programs should be considered to improve physical activity and reducing salt consumption and awareness about opium use complications.
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- conventional Risk factors
- physical activity
- opium
- obesity
How to Cite
References
Alwan A. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010: World Health Organization; 2011.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, d’Agostino RB, Beiser A, Wilson PW, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006;113(6):791-8.
Manson JE, Bassuk SS. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk in women. Metabolism. 2015;64(3):S33-S9.
Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;366(4):321-9.
Appelman Y, van Rijn BB, Monique E, Boersma E, Peters SA. Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention. Atherosclerosis. 2015.
Vilahur G, Badimon JJ, Bugiardini R, Badimon L. The burden of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in Europe and worldwide. European Heart Journal Supplements. 2014;16(A):A7-A11.
Juonala M, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Hutri-Kähönen N, et al. Life-time risk factors and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. European heart journal. 2010:ehq141.
Nocon M, Hiemann T, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Roll S, Willich SN. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. 2008;15(3):239-46.
Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Kandala N-B, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. 2009;339.
Najafipour H, Masoomi M, Shahesmaeili A, Haghdoost AA, Afshari M, Nasri HR, et al. Effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease risk factors and oral health: Results of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk factors Study a population-based survey on 5900 subjects aged 15-75 years. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2015;6(1):42.
Habib GB, Virani SS, Jneid H. Is 2015 the primetime year for prehypertension? Prehypertension: a cardiovascular risk factor or simply a risk marker? Journal of the American Heart Association. 2015;4(2):e001792.
Grandi NC, Breitling LP, Brenner H. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Preventive Medicine. 2010;51(3–4):228-33.
Esteghamati A, Meysamie A, Khalilzadeh O, Rashidi A, Haghazali M, Asgari F, et al. Third national Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) in Iran: methods and results on prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):167.
Hatmi Z, Tahvildari S, Gafarzadeh Motlag A, Sabouri Kashani A. Prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors in Iran: a population based survey. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2007;7(1):1-5.
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;96(7):1911-30.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The jnc 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-71.
Poirier P, Alpert MA, Fleisher LA, Thompson PD, Sugerman HJ, Burke LE, et al. Cardiovascular evaluation and management of severely obese patients undergoing surgery a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;120(1):86-95.
Association AH. Statistical Fact Sheet. Populations 2009 Update: international Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2009. 2011.
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46-e215.
Organization WH. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009. GlobalHealthRisks_report_full pdf. 2011.
Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review. Journal of hypertension. 2004;22(1):11-9.
Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5• 4 million participants. The Lancet. 2011;377(9765):568-77.
Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN. US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008. Jama. 2010;303(20):2043-50.
Saydah S, Bullard KM, Cheng Y, Ali MK, Gregg EW, Geiss L, et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by obesity level in adults in the United States, NHANES 1999‐2010. Obesity. 2014;22(8):1888-95.
Huang Y, Cai X, Liu C, Zhu D, Hua J, Hu Y, et al. Prehypertension and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Asian and Western Populations: A Meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2015;4(2):e001519.
Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. Bmj. 2006;332(7533):73-8.
Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775 385 individuals and 12 539 strokes. The Lancet. 2014;383(9933):1973-80.
Hilger J, Friedel A, Herr R, Rausch T, Roos F, Wahl DA, et al. A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;111(01):23-45.
Nargesi AA, Heidari B, Esteghamati S, Hafezi-Nejad N, Sheikhbahaei S, Pajouhi A, et al. Contribution of vitamin D deficiency to the risk of coronary heart disease in subjects with essential hypertension. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:165-71.
Meysamie A, Sedaghat M, Mahmoodi M, Ghodsi S, Eftekhar B. Opium use in a rural area of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2009.
Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutrition. 2015;18(04):695-704.
Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in AdultsA Systematic Review and Meta-analysisSedentary Time and Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015;162(2):123-32.
Zandstra EH, Lion R, Newson RS. Salt reduction: Moving from consumer awareness to action. Food Quality and Preference. 2015.
Morris JN, Hardman AE. Walking to health. Sports medicine. 1997;23(5):306-32.
Murtagh EM, Nichols L, Mohammed MA, Holder R, Nevill AM, Murphy MH. The effect of walking on risk factors for cardiovascular disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials. Preventive Medicine. 2015;72:34-43.
- Abstract Viewed: 694 times
- PDF Downloaded: 231 times