Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development
Iranian Journal of Child Neurology,
Vol. 11 No. 2 (2017),
1 April 2017
,
Page 13-25
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v11i2.11688
Abstract
How to Cite This Article: Ahmadi Doulabi M, Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2017; 11(2):13-25.
Abstract
Objective
There have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.
Materials & Methods
This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.
The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SES indices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independent variable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in developmental delay as a dependent variable.
Results
The relationship between SES and developmental delay was significant at P=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P<0.05) impact on developmental delay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.
Conclusion
There should be more emphasis on developmental monitoring and appropriate intervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a more productive life.
1. Haghdoost AA. Complexity of the Socioeconomic Status and its Disparity as a Determinant of Health. Int J Prev 2012; 3(2):75.
2. Behavioral and social sciences research. Measuring Socioeconomic Status. e-Source 2013; Available from:http://www.esourceresearch.org
3. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu Rev Psychol 2002;53(1):371-99.
4. de Moura DR, Costa JC, Santos IS, Barros AJ, Matijasevich A, Halpern R, et al. Risk factors for suspected developmental delay at age 2 years in a Brazilian birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010;24(3):211-21.
5. Feinstein L. Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica 2003;70(277):73-97.
6. Anderson LM, Shinn C, Fullilove MT, Scrimshaw SC, Fielding JE, Normand J, et al. The effectiveness of early childhood development programs: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2003;24(3):32-46.
7. Health CoSDo. Early child development: a powerful equalizer: final report for the World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. 2007.
8. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
9. Vameghi R, Hatamizadeh N, Sajedi F, Shahshahanipoor S, Kazemnejad A. Production of a native developmental screening test: the Iranian experience. Child Care Health Dev 2010;36(3):340-5.
10. Radomski MV, Latham CAT. Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.P.197.
11. Myers K.M. & Collett B. Psychiatric Rating Scales, In: Cheng K. & Myers K.M. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland: The Essentials; 2007 .P.17-40.
12. Siddiqi A, Hertzman E, Irwin LG, Hertzman C. Early child development: A powerful equalizer. Improving equity in health by addressing social determinants. 2012:115-141. Avaliable from : www.who.int
13. Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S, Health CoSDo. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. The Lancet 2008;372(9650):1661-9.
14. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health (final report). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
15. Regalado M, Halfon N. Primary care services promoting optimal child development from birth to age 3 years: review of the literature. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(12):1311-22.
16. Kershaw P, Warburton B. A Comprehensive Policy Framework for Early Human Capital Investment in BC. 2009. Available from : www.vancouversun.com
17. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, et al. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The lancet 2007;369(9555):60-70.
18. Andraca Id, Pino P, La Parra Ad, Rivera F, Castillo M. Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo psicomotor en lactantes nacidos en óptimas condiciones biológicas. Rev Saude Publica 1998;32(2):138-47.
19. Lima M, Eickmann S, Lima A, Guerra M, Lira P, Huttly S, et al. Determinants of mental and motor development at 12 months in a low income population: a cohort study in northeast Brazil. Acta Paediatr 2004;93(7):969-75.
20. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, et al. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. The lancet 2007;369(9556):145-57.
21. Guo G, Harris KM. The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children’s intellectual development. Demography 2000;37(4):431-47.
22. Chilton M, Chyatte M, Breaux J. The negative effects of poverty & food insecurity on child development. Indian J Med Res 2007;126(4):262.
23. Miller JE. Developmental screening scores among preschoolaged children: The roles of poverty and child health. J Urban Health 1998;75(1):135-52.
24. Glascoe FP. Early detection of developmental and behavioral problems. Pediatr Rev 2000;21(8):272-80.
25. Rydz D, Srour M, Oskoui M, Marget N, Shiller M, Birnbaum R, et al. Screening for developmental delay in the setting of a community pediatric clinic: a prospective assessment of parent-report questionnaires. J Pediatr 2006;118(4):e1178-e86.
26. Glascoe F. Early detection of developmental and behavioral problems. Pediatr Rev 2000;21(8):272-80.
27. Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Habibollahi A, Lornejad H, Delavar B. Standardization and validation of the ASQ developmental disorders screening tool in children of Tehran city. Tehran Univ Med J 2012;70(7).
28. Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. Validity and Reliability Determination of Denver Developmental Screening Test-II in 0-6 Year– Olds in Tehran. Iran J Pediatr 2010;20(3):313.
29. Afraz F, Ahmadi M, Sajedi F, Akbarzadeh bagheban A. Development Status of 4-24 Months Children Born to Teenage Mothers Referred to Health Care Centers in Yasuj, 2013. YUMSJ 2015;20(3):253-63.
30. Shahshahani S, Vameghi R, Azari N, Sajedi F, Kazemnejad A. Comparing the Results of Developmental Screening of 4-60 Months Old Children in Tehran Using ASQ & PDQ. Iran Rehab J 2011;9:3-7.
31. Shaahmadi F, Khushemehri G, Arefi Z, Karimyan A, Heidari F. Developmental Delay and Its Effective Factors in Children Aged 4 to12 Months. Int J Pediatr 2015;3(1.1):396-402.
32. Karami K AL, Moridi F, Falah F, Bayat Z, Pourvakhshoori N. Evaluation criteria and factors associated with the development of one year old children in Khorramabad. J Pediatr Nurs 2015. 2015;1(3):57-64.
33. Dorre F, Fattahi Bayat G. Evaluation of children’s development (4-60mo) with history of NICU admission based on ASQ in Amir kabir Hospital, Arak. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2011;11(2):143-50.
34. Sajedi F,Doulabi M, Vameghi R, Baghban A, Mazaheri MA, Mahmodi Z, Ghasemi E. Development of Children in Iran: A Systematic Review andMeta-Analysis. Glob J Health Sci 2016; 8(8): 145–161.
35. Tervo RC. Identifying patterns of developmental delays can help diagnose neurodevelopmental disorders. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006;45(6):509-17.
36. Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Kraskian Mujembari A. Prevalence of undetected developmental delays in Iranian children. Child Care Health Dev 2014;40(3):379-88.
37. Spencer N. Social, economic, and political determinants of child health. Pediatrics 2003;112(Supplement 3):704- 6.
38. Rafiey H VM, Sajjadi H, Ghaed, Amini Gh. Family Income and Child Health in Iran: Recognition of Intermediary Variables’ Role using Sructured Equation Models. Hakim Res J 2015(3).2010-2014
39. Poon JK, Larosa AC, Pai GS. Developmental delay: timely identification and assessment. Indian Pediatr 2010;47(5):415-22.
40. Conger RD, Conger KJ, Martin MJ. Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. J Marriage Fam 2010;72(3):685-704.
41. Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mohseni Bandpei MA et al. Motor developmental delay in 7500 Iranian infants: Prevalence and risk factors. Iran J Child Neurol 2009;3(3):43-50.
42. Potijk MR, Kerstjens JM, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA, de Winter AF. Developmental delay in moderately preterm-born children with low socioeconomic status: risks multiply. J Pediatr 2013;163(5):1289-95.
43. Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ. The effects of poverty on children. Future Child 1997:55-71.
44. CatL-TEoP. Children and the Long-Term Effects of Poverty. The connecticut commission on children. 2004. June .Available from :https://www.cga.ct.gov.
45. Komro KA, Flay BR, Biglan A, Consortium PNR. Creating nurturing environments: A science-based framework for promoting child health and development within high-poverty neighborhoods. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2011;14(2):111-34.
46. Canadian Institute for Health Information and Canadian Population Health Initiative,. Improving the Health of Canadians. Summary Report [electronic Resource]. Canadian Institute for Health Information.2004. Available from :https://www.cihi.ca
47. Evans GW. The environment of childhood poverty. Am Psychol. 2004;59(2):77.92
48. Elbers J, Macnab A, McLeod E. Article originale. Can J Rural Med 2008;13(1).9-14
49. Richter J, Janson H. A validation study of the Norwegian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires. Acta Paediatr 2007;96(5):748-52.
50. Glascoe FP. Screening for developmental and behavioral problems. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005;11(3):173-9.
51. Squires J, Bricker D, Potter L. Revision of a parent-completed developmental screening tool: Ages and Stages Questionnaires. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22(3):313- 28.
52. Lindsay NM, Healy GN, Colditz PB, Lingwood BE. Use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to predict outcome after hypoxic - ischaemic encephalopathy in the neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 2008;44(10):590-5.
53. Yu LM, Hey E, Doyle LW, Farrell B, Spark P, Altman DG, et al. Evaluation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in identifying children with neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow - up study. Acta Paediatr 2007;96(12):1803-8.
54. Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Mojembari AK, Habiollahi A, Lornezhad HR, Delavar B. Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and standardization of Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in Iranian children. Iran J Public Health 2013;42(5):522.
55. Fukuda Y, Nakamura K, Takano T. Municipal socioeconomic status and mortality in Japan: sex and age differences, and trends in 1973–1998. Soc Sci Med 2004;59(12):2435-45.
56. Morasae EK, Forouzan AS, Majdzadeh R, Asadi-Lari M, Noorbala AA, Hosseinpoor AR. Understanding determinants of socioeconomic inequality in mental health in Iran’s capital, Tehran: a concentration index decomposition approach. Int J Equity Health 2012;11(1):1-13.
57. Rohani-Rasaf M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ramezani R, Asadi- Lari M. Measuring socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence in Tehran, 2008. SN:1513-7368 (Print); 1513- 7368 (Linking).Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(6):2955- 60.
58. Moradi-Lakeh M, Ramezani M, Naghavi M. Equality in safe delivery and its determinants in Iran. Arch Iran Med 2007;10(4):446-51.
59. Krefis AC, Schwarz NG, Nkrumah B, Acquah S, Loag W, Sarpong N, et al. Principal component analysis of socioeconomic factors and their association with malaria in children from the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Malar J 2010;9(1):201.
60. Najafianzadeh M, Mobarak-Abadi A, Ranjbaran M, Nakhaei M. Relationship between the Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Some Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors in the Rural Households of Arak, 2014.Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2015;9(4):35-44.
61. de Onis M, Blössner M, Villar J. Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:S5-15.
62. Paiva GSd, Lima ACVMd, Lima MdC, Eickmann SH. The effect of poverty on developmental screening scores among infants. Sao Paulo Med J 2010;128(5):276-83.
63. Najman JM, Aird R, Bor W, O’Callaghan M, Williams GM, Shuttlewood GJ. The generational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in child cognitive development and emotional health. Soc Sci Med 2004;58(6):1147-58.
64. Evans GW, Kim P. Childhood poverty and health cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Soc Sci Med 2007;18(11):953-7.
65. Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J. Consequences of growing up poor: Russell Sage Foundation; 1999.p . 132-189.
66. Duncan GJ, Yeung WJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Smith JR. How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? Am Sociol Rev 1998:406-23.
67. Aber JL, Jones S, Cohen J. The impact of poverty on the mental health and development of very young children. 2nd ed. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2000. p. 113- 128.
68. Stein AD, Behrman JR, DiGirolamo A, Grajeda R, Martorell R, Quisumbing A, et al. Schooling, educational achievement, and cognitive functioning among young Guatemalan adults. Food & Nutrition Bulletin 2005;26(Supplement 1):46S-54S.
69. Sigman M, McDonald MA, Neumann C, Bwibo N. Prediction of cognitive competence in Kenyan children from toddler nutrition, family characteristics and abilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991;32(2):307-20.
70. Paxson C, Schady N. Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador the roles of wealth, health, and parenting. J Hum Resour 2007;42(1):49-84.
71. Hart B, Risley TR. Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children: Paul H Brookes Publishing Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children; 1995. 268. p
72. Lejarraga H, Pascucci MC, Krupitzky S, Kelmansky D, Bianco A, Martínez E, et al. Psychomotor development in Argentinean children aged 0–5 years. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002;16(1):47-60.
73. Najman J, Bor W, Morrison J, Andersen M, Williams G. Child developmental delay and socio-economic disadvantage in Australia: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 1992;34(8):829-35.
74. Nicholson JM, Lucas N, Berthelsen D, Wake M. Socioeconomic inequality profiles in physical and developmental health from 0–7 years: Australian National Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010:jech. 2009.103291.
75. Berger SE, Theuring C, Adolph KE. How and when infants learn to climb stairs. Infant Behav Dev 2007;30(1):36-49.
76. Sajedi F, Barati H. The effect of Perceptual Motor Training on Motor Skills of preschool children.Iran Rehab J 2014;12(19):30-40.
77. Eickmann SH, Lima AC, Guerra MQ, Lima MC, Lira PI, Huttly SR, et al. Improved cognitive and motor development in a community-based intervention of psychosocial stimulation in northeast Brazil. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003;45(08):536-41.
78. Garrett P, Ng’andu N, Ferron J. Poverty experiences of young children and the quality of their home environments. Child Dev 1994;65(2):331-45.
79. Walker SP, Chang SM, Powell CA, Grantham-McGregor SM. Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: prospective cohort study. The Lancet 2005;366(9499):1804-7.
80. Thompson RA, Nelson CA. Developmental science and the media: Early brain development.Am Psychol 2001;56(1):5.
81. Jednoróg K, Altarelli I, Monzalvo K, Fluss J, Dubois J, Billard C, et al. The influence of socioeconomic status on children’s brain structure. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e42486.
82. Hackman DA, Farah MJ. Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2009;13(2):65-73.
83. Otero GA. Poverty, cultural disadvantage and brain development: a study of pre-school children in Mexico. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102(6):512- 6.
84. Otero G, Pliego-Rivero F, Fernández T, Ricardo J. EEG development in children with sociocultural disadvantages: a follow-up study. Clin. Neurophysiol 2003;114(10):1918-25.
85. Hackman DA, Farah MJ, Meaney MJ. Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11(9):651-9.
86. Hamadani J, Grantham-McGregor S. Report of the family care indicators project: Validating the family psychosocial indicators in rural Bangladesh. Report to UNICEF Early Child Development Desk. 2004.
87. Baker-Henningham H, Powell C, Walker S, Grantham- McGregor S. Mothers of undernourished Jamaican children have poorer psychosocial functioning and this is associated with stimulation provided in the home. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57(6):786-92.
88. Paxson CH, Schady NR. Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador: the roles of wealth, health and parenting: World Bank Policy Research Working, 2005 May. Paper 3605 Available from : http://econ.worldbank. org .
89. Foster MA, Lambert R, Abbott-Shim M, McCarty F, Franze S. A model of home learning environment and social risk factors in relation to children’s emergent literacy and social outcomes. Early Child Res Q 2005;20(1):13-36.
90. Evans GW. A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Dev Psychol 2003;39(5):924.
91. Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Dev Psychopathol 2001;13(03):653-76.
92. McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Stress-and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annu Rev Med 2011;62:431.
93. Blair C. Stress and the Development of Self-Regulation in Context. Child Dev Perspect 2010;4(3):181-8.
94. Liston C, McEwen B, Casey B. Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009;106(3):912-7.
95. Lupien SJ, Maheu F, Tu M, Fiocco A, Schramek TE. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition.Brain Cogn 2007;65(3):209-37.
96. McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1186(1):190- 222.
97. Jack S, Philips D. From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Academy Press Washington, DC; press; 2000.p.289.
98. Sajedi F, Alizad V, Malekkhosravi G, Karimlou M, Vameghi R. Depression in mothers of children with cerebral palsy and its relation to severity and type of cerebral palsy. Acta Med Iranica 2010;48(4):250-4.
99. Murray L, Cooper PJ. Effects of postnatal depression on infant development. Arch Dis Child 1997;77(2):99-101.
100. Evans GW, Boxhill L, Pinkava M. Poverty and maternal responsiveness: The role of maternal stress and social resources. Int J Behav Dev 2008;32(3):232-7.
101. DiPietro JA. Baby and the brain: Advances in child development. Annu Rev Public Health 2000;21(1):455- 71.
102. Evans GW. Child development and the physical environment. Annu Rev Psychol 2006;57:423-51.
103. McKenzie DJ. Measuring inequality with asset indicators. J Popul Econ 2005;18(2):229-60.
104. Ranjbaran M, Soori H, Etemad K, Khodadost M. Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Health Status and Application of Principal Component Analysis. Journal of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences 2014;1(1):9-19.
105. Kolenikov S, Angeles G. Socioeconomic status measurement with discrete proxy variables: Is principal component analysis a reliable answer?Rev Income Wealth 2009;55(1):128-65.
- Developmental delay
- Child development
- Principal factors analysis
- Socioeconomic Status
How to Cite
- Abstract Viewed: 1204 times